Armanistonga qarshi kayfiyat

Armanistonga qarshi kayfiyat, anti-Armenianism yoki Armenafobiya — salbiy his-tuygʻular, yoqtirmaslik, qoʻrquvlar, nafratlanish, masxaralash va/yoki armanlar, Armaniston va arman madaniyatiga nisbatan xurofotlarning turli koʻrinishi. Zamonaviy anti-armanizm odatda Armanistonning xatti-harakatlari yoki mavjudligiga qarshi chiqish, arman genotsidini agressiv ravishda rad etish yoki tarixni uydirish va siyosiy fikrni manipulyatsiya qilish uchun armanlarning fitnasiga ishonish bilan ifodalanadi^[1].

Turkiya

Arman genotsidi va uni rad etish

Armanlar uchun Usmonli imperiyasida maqom va boylikka erishish mumkin boʻlgan boʻlsa ham, jamoa sifatida ularga hech qachon „ikkinchi darajali fuqaro“ maqomidan koʻproq berilmagan va Usmonli jamiyatining musulmon feʼl-atvoriga tubdan begona boʻlgan^[2]. 1895-yilda Usmonli imperiyasining arman subyektlari oʻrtasidagi qoʻzgʻolonlar Sulton Abdul hamidning Hamidian qirgʻinlarida oʻn minglab armanlarni qirgʻin qilish toʻgʻrisida qaroriga sabab boʻldi^[3].

Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida Usmonli hukumati Arman genotsidida 0,7-1,5 million armanni qirgʻin qildi^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]. Turkiya hukumati arman genotsidini agressiv ravishda rad etdi. Xalqaro genotsid olimlari uyushmasining oʻsha paytdagi Turkiya Bosh vaziri, hozirda Prezident Rajab Toyyib Erdoʻgʻanga yoʻllagan maktubida bu pozitsiya tanqid qilingan^[8].

Ozarbayjon

Ozarbayjonda anti-armanizm institutsional^[9] va ijtimoiy^[10] darajada mavjud. Armanlar „Ozarbayjonning irqchilik va irqiy kamsitish sohasidagi eng zaif guruhi“dir^[11].

XX asr davomida Kavkazdagi armanlar va musulmon aholisi (ozarbayjonlarni 1918-yilgacha Kavkaz yoki Ozarbayjon tatarlari deb atashgan) koʻplab toʻqnashuvlarda, jumladan, pogromlarda, qirgʻinlarda va urushlarda qatnashgan. „Ikki etnik guruh oʻzaro ishonchsizlik“ni kuchaytirdi va XX asr davomida toʻqnashuvlar „ikki xalqning milliy oʻz-oʻzini anglashini shakllantirishda muhim omillar boʻldi“^[12]. 1918-yildan 1920-yilgacha Ozarbayjonda, shu jumladan Rossiya imperiyasi tasarrufidagi arman madaniy hayotining markazlari boʻlgan Boku va Shusha shaharlarida armanlarga uyushtirilgan qotilliklar sodir boʻldi.

Ammo, hozirgi paytda Ozarbayjonda Armanlar va Armanistonga nisbatan ksenofobiya asosan Sovet Ittifoqining soʻnggi yillarida shakllangan, armanlar Moskva hokimiyatidan Armaniston aholisi asosan Togʻli Qorabogʻ muxtor viloyatini Armaniston SSR tarkibiga qoʻshishni talab qilishgan^[13]. Armanlarning daʼvolariga javoban, ozarbayjon millatchilari, eng koʻzga koʻringan Ozarbayjon xalq jabhasi^[14]^[15], Sumqait, Kirovobod va Bokuda armanlarga hujumlar uyushtirdi. Taxminan 350 ming arman „1988-yilda va 1990-yilda anti-arman zoʻravonliklaridan keyin ikki toʻlqinda“ Ozarbayjondan chiqib ketishgan^[16].

Ziddiyatlar oxir-oqibat Togʻli Qorabogʻ boʻyicha keng koʻlamli harbiy mojaroga aylandi. Armaniston kuchlari sobiq NKAO ning aksariyat qismi va NKAO hududidan tashqaridagi unga qoʻshni yetti tumanni oʻz nazoratiga oldi. 1994-yilda sulh bitimi imzolangan va Artsax Respublikasi amalda mustaqil boʻldi.

Rossiya

Gruziya

AQSH

Boshqalar

Isroil

Pokiston

Tojikiston

Ukraina

Uygʻurlar

Manbalar

↑ Black Garden, by Thomas De Waal (25-Aug 2004-yil), page 42
↑ Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438
↑ Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.
↑ Levon Marashlian. Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1991.
↑ Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 19.
↑ Noël, Lise. Intolerance: A General Survey. Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3, p. 101.
↑ Schaefer, Richard T (2008), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, 90-bet.
↑ „Archived copy“. 16-aprel 2006-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 16-aprel 2006-yil. (Wayback Machine saytida 2006-04-16 sanasida arxivlangan) from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 13-iyun 2005-yil
↑ (ruscha) Fyodor Lukyanov, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs „Первый и неразрешимый“. Vzglyad (2-avgust 2011-yil). Qaraldi: 12-yanvar 2013-yil. „Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего. "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it."“.
↑ „Report on Azerbaijan“. Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (15-aprel 2003-yil). — „Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." "In general, hate-speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely.“. 21-sentabr 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 22-yanvar 2013-yil.
↑ „Second report on Azerbaijan“. Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (24-may 2007-yil). 21-sentabr 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 23-yanvar 2013-yil.
↑ Dawisha, Karen; Parrot, Bruce. The International Politics of Eurasia. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994 — 242-bet. ISBN 9781563243530.
↑ „Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004)“. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. — „The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated "armenophobia."“. 29-aprel 2010-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-yanvar 2013-yil.
↑ Olson, James Stuart. An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires, 1. publ., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994 — 73-bet. ISBN 9780313274978. „For months, the APF remained a groups of intellectuals with neither official status nor a mass following. Its singular appeal centered on anti-Armenianism, a problem that became more acute after the fall of 1989 when some 200,000 Azerbaijani refugees arrived from Armenian and the NKAO. Since Azerbaijanis were not particularly interested in political reform and since these refugees tended to be very activist and vocal, emphasizing anti-Armenianism became the quickest way to blind some semblance of mass appeal. The Azerbaijanis government's unwillingness to adopt the APF's anti-Armenian agenda resulted in a series of strikes, including a transportation strike aimed at blocking the shipment of supplies to both Armenia and the NKAO.“
↑ Human Rights Watch. Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights, New York, 1995 — 148–149-bet. ISBN 9781564321527. „By January 1990, Azerbaijan, especially its capital, Baku, were in turmoil. Large rallies by the Azerbaijani Popular Front, the main opposition group, crowded Baku's streets. The rhetoric of these gatherings was heavily anti-Armenian. On 13-yanvar 1990-yil, a second set of anti-Armenian pogroms convulsed the city, taking forty-eight lives.“
↑ Human Rights Watch. Azerbaijan: seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Humans Rights Watch, 1994. ISBN 1-56432-142-8.

[1] Black Garden, by Thomas De Waal (25-Aug 2004-yil), page 42

[2] Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438

[Hamidia-3] Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.

[4] Levon Marashlian. Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1991.

[5] Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 19.

[6] Noël, Lise. Intolerance: A General Survey. Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3, p. 101.

[7] Schaefer, Richard T (2008), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, 90-bet.

[8] „Archived copy“. 16-aprel 2006-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 16-aprel 2006-yil. (Wayback Machine saytida 2006-04-16 sanasida arxivlangan) from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 13-iyun 2005-yil

[9] (ruscha) Fyodor Lukyanov, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs „Первый и неразрешимый“. Vzglyad (2-avgust 2011-yil). Qaraldi: 12-yanvar 2013-yil. „Армянофобия – институциональная часть современной азербайджанской государственности, и, конечно, Карабах в центре этого всего. "Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and Karabakh is in the center of it."“.

[10] „Report on Azerbaijan“. Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (15-aprel 2003-yil). — „Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." "In general, hate-speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely.“. 21-sentabr 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 22-yanvar 2013-yil.

[2007_ecri_report-11] „Second report on Azerbaijan“. Strasbourg: European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (24-may 2007-yil). 21-sentabr 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 23-yanvar 2013-yil.

[Dawisha-12] Dawisha, Karen; Parrot, Bruce. The International Politics of Eurasia. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994 — 242-bet. ISBN 9781563243530.

[IHF_2005_report-13] „Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004)“. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. — „The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated "armenophobia."“. 29-aprel 2010-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-yanvar 2013-yil.

[14] Olson, James Stuart. An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires, 1. publ., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994 — 73-bet. ISBN 9780313274978. „For months, the APF remained a groups of intellectuals with neither official status nor a mass following. Its singular appeal centered on anti-Armenianism, a problem that became more acute after the fall of 1989 when some 200,000 Azerbaijani refugees arrived from Armenian and the NKAO. Since Azerbaijanis were not particularly interested in political reform and since these refugees tended to be very activist and vocal, emphasizing anti-Armenianism became the quickest way to blind some semblance of mass appeal. The Azerbaijanis government's unwillingness to adopt the APF's anti-Armenian agenda resulted in a series of strikes, including a transportation strike aimed at blocking the shipment of supplies to both Armenia and the NKAO.“

[15] Human Rights Watch. Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights, New York, 1995 — 148–149-bet. ISBN 9781564321527. „By January 1990, Azerbaijan, especially its capital, Baku, were in turmoil. Large rallies by the Azerbaijani Popular Front, the main opposition group, crowded Baku's streets. The rhetoric of these gatherings was heavily anti-Armenian. On 13-yanvar 1990-yil, a second set of anti-Armenian pogroms convulsed the city, taking forty-eight lives.“

[hrw-16] Human Rights Watch. Azerbaijan: seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Humans Rights Watch, 1994. ISBN 1-56432-142-8.

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