Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam ( tam. பரதநாட்டியம் ) - Tamilnaduda paydo bo'lgan hind klassik raqsining asosiy shakli. [1][2] Bu sakkizta taniqli hind klassik raqs shakllaridan biri bo'lib,Janubiy Hindiston diniy mavzulari va ruhiy g'oyalarini,xususan,shaivizm va umuman hinduizmni ifodalaydi. [3][4][5]
Milodiy II asrga oid Bharatanatyamning tavsifini qadimgi Tamil eposi Silappatikaramda topish mumkin, milodiy 6-9-asrlarga oid mabud haykallari esa bu miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillik oʻrtalarida juda nafis ijrochilik sanʼati boʻlganligini koʻrsatadi. [6][7] Bharatanatyam Hindistondagi eng qadimgi klassik raqs an'anasidir. [8] Bharatanatyam - Tamil Nadu davlat raqs shakli.
Bharatanatyam turli xil baanilarni o'z ichiga oladi. Baani yoki "an'ana" tamilcha atama bo'lib, guru yoki maktabga xos raqs texnikasi va uslubini tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladi. Ular guru qishlog'iga ko'ra nomlanadi (ba'zi baanilar bundan mustasno.Bharatanatyam uslubi oʻzining mustahkam gavdasi, egilgan oyoqlari va tizzalari (Arai mandi) ajoyib oyoq harakatlari bilan uygʻunligi va qoʻllar, koʻzlar va yuz mushaklari imo-ishoralariga asoslangan imo-ishora tilining murakkab lugʻati bilan ajralib turadi. [7] Raqs musiqa va qo'shiqchi bilan birga keladi va odatda raqqosaning guru Nattuvanar, rejissyor va ijro va san'at dirijyori sifatida ishtirok etadi. Bharatanatyamning ijro repertuariga, boshqa klassik raqslar singari, nrita (sof raqs), nritya (yakka ifodali raqs) va natya (guruh dramatik raqsi) kiradi. [9][10]
Bharatanatyam 19-asr davomida hind ibodatxonalari uchun eksklyuziv bo'lib qoldi. [7] Bu 1910-yilda mustamlakachi Britaniya hukumati tomonidan taqiqlangan edi [11], ammo hind jamoatchiligi taqiqga qarshi norozilik bildirgan va 20-asrda ibodatxonalar tashqarisida faoliyatini kengaytirgan. [7] [11] [12] Bharatanatyamning zamonaviy sahna asarlari butun Hindiston bo'ylab tarqaldi va mashhur bo'lib, ular turli yo'llar bilan bajarilgan va texnik spektakllarni, diniy bo'lmagan g'oyalarga asoslangan sof raqsni va uyg'un mavzularni o'z ichiga olgan. [6][7] Tanjavur aka-uka Bharatanatyamni ohangdor san'at turiga rasmiylashtirish orqali Bharatanatyamning yaqindagi repertuarining haqiqiy shaklini berdi. [13]
- ↑ Franco, Susanne. Dance Discourses: Keywords in Dance Research (en). Routledge, 2016-04-29 — 202-bet. ISBN 978-1-134-94712-6.
- ↑ Planet, Lonely. Lonely Planet India (en). Lonely Planet, 2019-10-01. ISBN 978-1-78868-682-2.
- ↑ Bharata-natyam Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007
- ↑ Richard Schechner. Between Theater and Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 — 65–66-bet. ISBN 978-0-8122-0092-8.
- ↑ T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, NCPA Quarterly Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 1-8
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Khokar, Mohan. Traditions of Indian Classical Dance. India: Clarion Books, 1984 — 73–76-bet. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 James G. Lochtefeld. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002 — 103–104-bet. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Lochtefeld2002p103" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Richard Schechner. Between Theater and Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 — 65-bet. ISBN 978-0812279290.
- ↑ Peter J. Claus. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2003 — 136-bet. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
- ↑ Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Pallabi Chakravorty. Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages. Routledge, 2012 — 30-bet. ISBN 978-1-136-51612-2.
- ↑ Janet O'Shea. At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage. Wesleyan University Press, 2007 — 26–38, 55–57, 83–87-bet. ISBN 978-0-8195-6837-3.
- ↑ Mahotsav. „'Tanjore Quartet' and the birth of modern-day Bharatanatyam“ (English). Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-iyul.