Daniel Bell
Daniel Bell
| |
---|---|
Tug'ilgan | Nyu-York, AQSh
| 10-may 1919-yil
O'lgan | 25 yanvar 2011 Kembridj, Massachusets, Qo'shma Shtatlar
| (91 yosh)
Alma mater | Nyu-York shahridagi Kolumbiya universiteti |
Tanilgan | Sanoatchilikdan keyingi davr |
Ilmiy faoliyat | |
Maydonlar | Ijtimoiy fan |
Institutlar | Chikago universiteti Kolumbiya universiteti Harvard universiteti |
Doktorantlar | Mustafa Emirbayer |
Imzo | |
Daniel Bell – (10-may 1919-yil – 25-yanvar 2011-yil) [1] amerikalik sotsiolog, yozuvchi, muharrir va Harvard universiteti professoridir. U "so'nggi urush davrining yetakchi amerikalik ziyolilaridan biri" deb tan olingan[2]. Uning uchta eng taniqli asarlari - Ideologiya oxiri, Sanoat jamiyatining kelishi va Kapitalizmning madaniy ziddiyatlari [3].
Biografiyasi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Hayotining dastlabki qismi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Daniel Bell 1919-yilda Nyu-York shahridagi Manhattan pastki sharqiy qismida tug'ilgan. Uning ota-onasi Benjamin va Anna Bolotsky, Yahudiy[4][5] bo'lib, Sharqiy Yevropadan kelgan. Ular kiyim-kechak sanoati sohasida ishlagan[6]. Otasi sakkiz oyligida vafot etadi va u kambag'al o'sadi, onasi va katta ukasi Leo bilan birga qarindoshlari bilan yashadi[7] [8]. U 13 yoshida oilaning ismi Bolotskydan Bellga o'zgartirildi[6].
Ta'lim
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bell Stuyvesant o'rta maktabini tamomlagan. 1938 yilda Nyu-York shahar kollejida bakalavr darajasini oldi va 1938-1939 o'quv yilida Kolumbiya universitetida aspiranturani tamomladi[2][8][9]. U 1961-yilda Kolumbiyada sotsiologiya fanlari nomzodi ilmiy darajasini oldi, unga an'anaviy doktorlik dissertatsiyasi o'rniga "Mafkuraning oxiri: 50-yillarda siyosiy g'oyalarning tugashi haqida" (1960-yilgi insholar to'plami) ni taqdim etishga ruxsat berildi[10].
Karyerasi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bell o'z professional hayotiga jurnalist sifatida boshladi, The New Leader jurnalining (1941–1945) muharriri Fortune jurnalining (1948–1958) mehnat muharriri va keyinchalik The Public Interest jurnalining (1965–1973) muharruri (kolej do'sti Irving Kristol bilan) bo'ldi. 1940-yillarning oxirida Bell Chikago universiteti kollejida ijtimoiy fanlar bo'yicha o'qituvchi bo'lgan. 1950-yillarda u Madaniy erkinlik Kongressiga yaqin edi[4]. Keyinchalik u Kolumbiyada (1959-1969) va keyinchalik 1990-yilda pensiyaga ketgunga qadar Harvard sotsiologiyasida o'qitdi[11].U 1964-yilda Amerika san'at va fanlar akademiyasi a'zosi etib saylandi[12] va 1978-yilda Amerika falsafa jamiyati a'zosi bo'ldi[13].
Bell shuningdek, 1987-yilda Kembridj universiteti Amerika tarixi va Kembridjn universitetlari professorlari lavozimida ishlagan. U 1964–1965-yillarda Prezidentning texnologiya komissiyasi a'zosi va 1979-yilda prezidentning 1980-yillar milliy dasturining a'zosi sifatida xizmat qilgan[14].
Bell Antioch Review uchun maslahatchilar kengashida ishlagan va jurnalda o'zining eng mashhur insholarini nashr etgan: "Jinoyat amerikacha hayot tarzi" (1953), "Sotsializm: orzu va haqiqat" (1952), “Yapon daftarchasi” (1958), “Axloq va yovuzlik: 21-asr madaniyati asoslari” (2005), “Liberal ta’limni qayta qurish: asosiy dastur” (2011)[15].
Bell Harvard, Chikago universiteti va Amerikadagi o'n to'rtta universitetdan, shuningdek, Yaponiya Edinburg Napier universiteti va Keio universiteti faxriy darajalar olgan. 1992-yilda U Amerika sotsiologik assotsiatsiyasi tomonidan umrbod yutuq mukofotiga va 1993-yilda Amerika san'at va fanlar akademiyasi tomonidan Ijtimoiy fanlar uchun Talcott Parsons mukofotiga ega bo'ldi. 1995-yilda unga Fransiya hukumati tomonidan Tocqueville mukofoti berildi[16].
Bell Suntory Foundation direktori va Amerika san'at va fanlar akademiyasi rezidentsiyasida olim bo'lgan[17][4].
Bir vaqtlar Bell o‘zini “iqtisodda sotsialist, siyosatda liberal va madaniyatda konservativ” deb ta’riflagan edi[18].
Stipendiya
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bell postindustrializmga qo'shgan hissasi bilan mashhur. Uning eng ta’sirli kitoblari: “Mafkuraning oxiri” (1960), “Kapitalizmning madaniy qarama-qarshiliklari” (1976), “Postindustrial jamiyatning kelishi” (1973)[19]. Uning ikkita kitobi - Mafkuraning oxiri va Kapitalizmning madaniy qarama-qarshiliklari Times Literary Supplement tomonidan XX asrning ikkinchi yarmidagi 100 ta eng muhim kitoblar qatoriga kiritilgan. Belldan tashqari, faqat Ishayo Berlin, Klod Levi-Strous, Albert Kamyu, Jorj Oruell va Xanna Arendtning ikkita kitobi shunday ro'yxatga olingan.
The End of Idealogy
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]“The End of Ideology (1960), Bell XIX asr va XX asr boshlarida paydo bo'lgan qadimgi buyuk gumanistik mafkuralar tugab bo'lganini va tez orada yangi paroxial mafkuralar paydo bo'lishini taklif qiladi. Boy farovonlik davlatlari va turli guruhlar o'rtasida institutsional savdolashuvlar kuchayishi bilan, Bellning ta'kidlashicha, liberal demokratiyani ag'darishni maqsad qilgan inqilobiy harakatlar endi ishchilar sinfini jalb qila olmaydi[20].
Sanoatdan keyingi jamiyatning paydo bo'lishi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bell “Postindustrial jamiyatning kelishi: ijtimoiy prognozlashdagi tashabbus” (1973) asarida jamiyatning yangi turini – postindustrial jamiyatni belgilab berdi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, postindustrializm axborotga va xizmatga yo'naltirilgan bo'ladi. Bell, shuningdek, postindustrial jamiyat sanoat jamiyatini hukmron tizim sifatida almashtirishini ta'kidladi.
Bellning fikricha postindustrial jamiyatning uchta tarkibiy qismi mavjud:
- ishlab chiqarishdan xizmatlarga o'tish;
- yangi ilmiy asoslangan sanoatlarning markazligi,
- Yangi texnik elitaning paydo bo'lishi va qatlamlashtirishning yangi printsipi paydo bo'ldi.
Bell shuningdek postindustrial jamiyatning uchta jihatini kontseptual jihatdan farqlaydi: ma'lumotlar yoki empirik dunyoni tavsiflovchi ma'lumotlar; ma'lumot yoki ushbu ma'lumotlarni statistik tahlil kabi mazmunli tizimlar va naqshlarda tashkil etish; va bilim, bu Bell xulosa chiqarish uchun ma'lumotlardan foydalanish sifatida tushunadi. Bell nashrdan oldin Talcott Parsons bilan "Postindustrial jamiyatning kelishi" qo'lyozmasini muhokama qildi.
Kapitalizmning madaniy ziddiyatlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bell "Kapitalizmning madaniy qarama-qarshiliklari" (1976) asarida XX asr kapitalizmining rivojlanishi iste'molchi zudlik bilan o'zini-o'zi qondirishning madaniy sohasi va iqtisodiy sohada qattiq talab o'rtasidagi ziddiyatga olib keldi, deb ta'kidlaydi. mehnat, mahsuldor shaxslar[21]. Bell buni o'zining "uchta soha" metodologiyasi orqali ifodalaydi, bu zamonaviy jamiyatni madaniy, iqtisodiy va siyosiy sohalarga bo'lib taqsimlaydi.
Bellning tashvishi shundaki, urushdan keyingi yillarda farovonlik davlatining o'sishi bilan ko'proq aholi davlatdan madaniy soha rag'batlantiradigan gedonistik istaklarni bajarishni talab qilmoqda. Bu davlatning doimiy o'sish uchun qulay bo'lgan kuchli iqtisodiy muhitni saqlab qolish talabi bilan bog'liq. Bell uchun raqobatbardosh, qarama-qarshi talablar 1970-yillardagi iqtisodiy notinchlik, fiskal bosim va siyosiy qo'zg'olonlarda namoyon bo'lgan davlatga haddan tashqari og'irlik qiladi[22].AQSh siyosatida muhim o'zgarishlar paytida yozilgan "Kapitalizmning madaniy ziddiyatlari" so'nggi urush liberalismining inqirozi sabablarini taqdim etadi[23].
Hayoti
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Nora Potashnik va Elaine Graham bilan birinchi ikki nikohi ajralish bilan yakunlandi[4]. 1960-yilda[4] Bell adabiy tanqid olimlari va Alfred Kazin singlisi Pearl Kazin bilan turmush qurgan[24]. U ham yahudiy edi.[25] Bellning o'g'li David Bell Princeton universitetida fransuz tarixi professori, uning qizi Jordy Bell esa 2005 -yilda pensiyaga chiqishidan oldin Nyu-Yorkning Tarrytown shahridagi Marymount kollejida AQSh xotin-qizlar tarixi o'qituvchisi va akademik ma'muriyatchisi edi[26][27].
U 2011-yil 25-yanvar kuni Massachusettsning Kembrij shahrida uyida vafot etdi[6][28].
Asarlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Maqolalar
- "The Coming Tragedy of American Labor." Politics, March 1944.
- "The World of Moloch." Politics, May 1944, pp. 111–113. Full Issue available.
- "The Subversion of Collective Bargaining." Commentary, March 1960, pp. 697–713.
- "The Revolution of Rising Entitlement." Fortune, 1975.
Kitoblar (mualliflik)
- Work and Its Discontents: The Cult of Efficiency in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1956.
- The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties. New York: Free Press, 1960.
- The Reforming of General Education. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1966.
- The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
- The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books, 1976.
- Las Contradicciones Culturales Del Capitalismo. Translated by Néster A Míguez. Mexico: Editorial Patria, 1994.
- The Winding Passage: Essays and Sociological Journeys, 1960–1980. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Abt Books, 1980.
- The Social Sciences Since the Second World War. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982.
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Daniel Bell, Harvard U. Sociologist, Is Dead at 91, The Chronicle of Higher Education], January 26, 2011
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Durham Peters, John, and Simonson, Peter (eds.) Mass communication and American social thought: key texts, 1919–1968, pp. 364–65 (2004) (ISBN 978-0742528390)
- ↑ Ahead of the curve, Schumpeter, The Economist, February 3, 2011
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Paul Buhle. „Daniel Bell obituary“. The Guardian (2011-yil 26-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 19-sentyabr.
- ↑ Joseph Dorman. „Daniel Bell, 91, a Leading American Intellectual Who Eschewed Simplistic Labels“. The Jewish Daily Forward (2011-yil 11-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 19-sentyabr.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Kaufman, Michael T. (26 January 2011). Daniel Bell, Ardent Appraiser of Politics, Economics and Culture, Dies at 91, The New York Times
- ↑ „Ahead of the curve“. The Economist (2011-yil 3-fevral). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 3-sentyabr.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Waters, Malcolm. Key Sociologists: Daniel Bell, pp. 13–16 (Routledge 1996) (ISBN 978-0415105774)
- ↑ Allitt, Patrick, The Conservative Tradition. Part 3 of 3. p. 40 (The Teaching Company 2009) (ISBN 1598035509)
- ↑ „In Memoriam | Columbia College Today“. www.college.columbia.edu. 2022-yil 23-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 23-yanvar.
- ↑ Jumonville, Neil, ed. The New York intellectuals reader, Ch. 17 (2007) (ISBN 978-0415952651)
- ↑ „Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B“. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 30-may.
- ↑ „APS Member History“. search.amphilsoc.org. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 13-iyul.
- ↑ Waters, Malcolm. Daniel Bell (en). Routledge, 2002 — 149-bet. ISBN 978-1134845569.
- ↑ „Daniel Bell, Noted Sociologist and Advisor to the Antioch Review, Dies | Antioch College“. www.antiochcollege.edu (2021-yil 9-avgust). 2017-yil 6-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 6-sentyabr.
- ↑ Danesi, Marcel. Encyclopedia of Media and Communication (en). University of Toronto Press, 2013 — 54-bet. ISBN 978-1442611696.
- ↑ Barnett, S. A.. The Reforming of General Education: The Columbia Experience in Its National Setting (en). Routledge, 2017-07-05 — 321-bet. ISBN 978-1351475358.
- ↑ Gardner, Martin. The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener, p. 427 (1999 paperback ed.)
- ↑ Waters, Malcolm (2003), „Daniel Bell“, in Ritzer, George (muh.), The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists, Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-1405105958, „Waters identifies these as the "three works that made Bell famous"“ Also available as: Waters, Malcolm „Daniel Bell“, . Chapter 6. Daniel Bell. Wiley, 2003 — 154–177-bet. DOI:10.1002/9780470999912.ch7. ISBN 978-0470999912. Extract.
- ↑ Strand, Daniel. No Alternatives: The End of Ideology in the 1950s and the Post-political World of the 1990s, pp. 140–145 (Stockholm University 2016) (ISBN 978-9176494837)
- ↑ Liu, Eric. How Boomers Left Us With an Ethical Deficit, The Atlantic, September 24, 2010 ("When Daniel Bell wrote of the cultural contradictions of capitalism – that a self-denying work ethic leads to the affluence that gives rise to self-gratifying play ethic that ends up corroding the affluence – he could also have described the life cycle of the Boomers.")
- ↑ Gilbert, Andrew (October 2013). "The culture crunch: Daniel Bell's The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism". Thesis Eleven 118: 83–95. doi:10.1177/0725513613500383. http://the.sagepub.com/content/118/1/83.abstract.
- ↑ Galbo, Joseph (Winter 2004). "From The Lonely Crowd to The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism and beyond: the shifting ground of liberal narratives". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 40 (1): 47–76. doi:10.1002/jhbs.10182. https://www.academia.edu/12779167.
- ↑ Schudel, Matt. „Sociologist Foresaw Internet's Rise“. The Washington Post (2011-yil 27-yanvar).
- ↑ Bloom, Alexander. Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World. Oxford University Press, 1987 — 385-bet. ISBN 978-0195051773.
- ↑ Weddings; Donna Farber, David A. Bell, The New York Times, May 24, 1993
- ↑ Alumni, The University of Chicago Magazine, Vol. 93, p. 41 (2000) (noting that Jordy Bell is associate academic dean at Marymount)
- ↑ (26 January 2011). Daniel Bell, influential sociologist, dies at 91, Associated Press
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Bell's The End of Ideology chapter 13
- Daniel Bell, Master Builder. SAM TANENHAUS. NYTimes. February 3, 2011.
- Arguing the World, 1998, Public Broadcasting Service documentary film featuring Nathan Glazer, Irving Howe, Irving Kristol, and Bell
- Speech by Daniel Bell on March 22, 1968, discussing the new character of American life. Audio from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
- Works by Daniel Bell at Internet Archive
- Works by Daniel Bell