Evfrat ostidagi tunnel

Evfrat ostidagi tunnel ― uzunligi 929 metr (0,577 mil) ni tashkil qiluvchi eski Mesopotamiyadagi Bobil shahrining ikki qismini birlashtirish uchun Evfrat daryosi ostida qurilgan tunnel^[1].Dunyodagi birinchi suv osti tunneli hisoblanadi.

Arxeologlarning fikricha, u miloddan avvalgi 2180-2160-yillarda qurilgan^[2].

Boshqa suvosti piyodalar tunnellari milodning 1824-yili, Mark Brunel Temza ostida tunnel barpo qilguniga qadar qurilmagan.

Xususiyatlari

Qurilish ishlari Evfrat daryosi bo'ylab vaqtinchalik to'g'on qurish bilan boshlangan va ochiq usulda qazib olish yo'li bilan amalga oshirilgan.

Tunnelning balandligi 12 fut (3,7 m), eni esa 15 fut (4,6 m) ga teng edi. Undan piyodalar va ot aravalari foydalangan deb taxmin qilinadi. Tunnel bir tomondan Marduk ibodatxonasi, daryoning boshqa tomonida esa qirol saroyi bilan bog'langan edi. Taxminlarga ko'ra, u g'isht bilan qoplangan va asfalt bilan suv o'tkazmaydigan qilib qurilgan^[3].

Tavsif

Tunnelning qirolicha Semiramida tomonidan qurilishi va undan foydalanish Diodor tomonidan "Tarixiy kutubxona" asarida tavsiflangan (fl. miloddan avvalgi 50-yil)^[4].

Filostrat (milodiy 250-yilda vafot etgan) ham tunnel qurilishini "Tianlik Apollon hayoti" asarida tilga olgan^[5]^[6].

Manbalar

↑ Berlow, Lawrence. Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Routledge — 54-bet.
↑ Browne, Malcomn W.. „Tunnel Drilling, Old as Babylon, Now Becomes Safer“. New York Times (1990-yil 2-dekabr).
↑ Diodorus Siculus „Library of History: Book II, Paragraph 9“.
↑ Rennell, James. The Geographical System of Herodotus, Examined; and Explained, by a Comparison with Those of Other Ancient Authors, and with Modern Geography. London: W. Bulmer and Co., 1800 — 356-bet.
↑ „A tunnel in Babylon under the River Euphrates“. Antiquitatem (2015-yil 31-avgust). 2017-yil 29-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-iyun.
↑ MacFarlane, Charles. The Armenians: A Tale of Constantinople, Volume 2. Istanbul (Turkey): Saunders and Otley, 1830 — 297-bet.

[Berlow-1] Berlow, Lawrence. Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Routledge — 54-bet.

[Brown-2] Browne, Malcomn W.. „Tunnel Drilling, Old as Babylon, Now Becomes Safer“. New York Times (1990-yil 2-dekabr).

[3] Diodorus Siculus „Library of History: Book II, Paragraph 9“.

[4] Rennell, James. The Geographical System of Herodotus, Examined; and Explained, by a Comparison with Those of Other Ancient Authors, and with Modern Geography. London: W. Bulmer and Co., 1800 — 356-bet.

[Anti-5] „A tunnel in Babylon under the River Euphrates“. Antiquitatem (2015-yil 31-avgust). 2017-yil 29-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-iyun.

[6] MacFarlane, Charles. The Armenians: A Tale of Constantinople, Volume 2. Istanbul (Turkey): Saunders and Otley, 1830 — 297-bet.

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