Gravitatsion linzalar

Gravitatsion linzalar materiyaning taqsimlanishi (masalan, galaktikalar klasteri singari) yoki uzoqdagi yorug'lik manbai va kuzatuvchi o'rtasidagi nuqtaviy zarra hisoblanadi yorug'lik kuzatuvchi tomon harakatlanayotganda u manbadan chiqqan yorug'likni egrilashga qodir. Ushbu ta'sir gravitatsion linzalar sifatida ma'lum. Egrilanish Albert Eynshteynning umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi bashoratlaridan biridir. ^[1] ^[2] Nurni yorug'lik tezligida harakatlanadigan zarrachalar sifatida faraz qilib, Nyuton fizikasi ham yorug'likning egilishini bashorat qilishi mumkin, ammo u beradigan miqdor umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi beradigan miqdorning faqat yarmi. ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6]

Tavsif

Gravitatsion linzalash – oraliq galaktika oʻzidan ancha orqada joylashgan galaktikaning koʻrinishini oʻzgartiradi (video; rassomning kontseptsiyasi).

Optik linzalardan farqli o'laroq, nuqtaviyga o'xshash gravitatsion linzalar o'zining markaziga eng yaqin o'tadigan yorug'likning maksimal, markazidan uzoqroqdan o'tadigan yorug'likning minimal og'ishini hosil qiladi. Shunday qilib, gravitatsion linzalarda yagona fokus nuqtasi yo'q, balki fokus chizig'i mavjud.

Yorug'likning burilishini birinchi kuzatish yulduzlarning osmon sferasida Quyosh yaqinidan o'tayotganda burilishini qayd etish orqali amalga oshirildi. Kuzatishlar 1919 yilda Artur Eddington, Frenk Uotson Dayson va ularning hamkorlari tomonidan 29 may kuni to'liq quyosh tutilishi paytida amalga oshirilgan. ^[7] Quyosh tutilishi Quyosh yaqinidagi yulduzlarni kuzatish imkonini berdi. Kuzatishlar bir vaqtning o'zida Braziliyaning Sobral, Seara, Afrikaning g'arbiy sohilidagi San-Tome va Prinsipi shaharlarida o'tkazildi. ^[8] Kuzatishlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Quyoshga yaqin o'tayotgan yulduzlarning yorug'ligi biroz egilgan, shuning uchun yulduzlar o'z joyidan bir oz siljigan. ^[9]

Natija ajoyib yangilik hisoblanib, aksariyat yirik gazetalarning birinchi sahifasiga aylandi. Bu Eynshteyn va uning umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasini dunyoga mashhur qildi.

↑ Drakeford, Jason; Corum, Jonathan; Overbye, Dennis. „Einstein's Telescope - video (02:32)“. New York Times (2015-yil 5-mart). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.
↑ Overbye, Dennis. „Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns“. New York Times (2015-yil 5-mart). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 5-mart.
↑ Bernard F. Schutz. A First Course in General Relativity, illustrated, herdruk, Cambridge University Press, 1985 — 295-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-27703-7.
↑ Wolfgang Rindler. Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological, 2nd, OUP Oxford, 2006 — 21-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-152433-2. Extract of page 21
↑ Gabor Kunstatter. General Relativity And Relativistic Astrophysics - Proceedings Of The 4th Canadian Conference. World Scientific, 1992 — 100-bet. ISBN 978-981-4554-87-9. Extract of page 100
↑ Pekka Teerikorpi. The Evolving Universe and the Origin of Life: The Search for Our Cosmic Roots, illustrated, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008 — 165-bet. ISBN 978-0-387-09534-9. Extract of page 165
↑ Dyson, F. W.; Eddington, A. S.; Davidson C. (1920). "A determination of the deflection of light by the Sun's gravitational field, from observations made at the total eclipse of 29 May 1919". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 220A (571–581): 291–333. doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009. https://zenodo.org/record/1432106.
↑ Stanley, Matthew (2003). "'An Expedition to Heal the Wounds of War': The 1919 Eclipse and Eddington as Quaker Adventurer". Isis 94 (1): 57–89. doi:10.1086/376099. PMID 12725104. https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2003-03_94_1/page/57.
↑ Dyson, F. W.; Eddington, A. S.; Davidson, C. (1 January 1920). "A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 220 (571–581): 291–333. doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009. https://zenodo.org/record/1432106.

[NYT-20150305-video-1] Drakeford, Jason; Corum, Jonathan; Overbye, Dennis. „Einstein's Telescope - video (02:32)“. New York Times (2015-yil 5-mart). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 27-dekabr.

[NYT-20150305-2] Overbye, Dennis. „Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns“. New York Times (2015-yil 5-mart). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 5-mart.

[3] Bernard F. Schutz. A First Course in General Relativity, illustrated, herdruk, Cambridge University Press, 1985 — 295-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-27703-7.

[4] Wolfgang Rindler. Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological, 2nd, OUP Oxford, 2006 — 21-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-152433-2. Extract of page 21

[5] Gabor Kunstatter. General Relativity And Relativistic Astrophysics - Proceedings Of The 4th Canadian Conference. World Scientific, 1992 — 100-bet. ISBN 978-981-4554-87-9. Extract of page 100

[6] Pekka Teerikorpi. The Evolving Universe and the Origin of Life: The Search for Our Cosmic Roots, illustrated, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008 — 165-bet. ISBN 978-0-387-09534-9. Extract of page 165

[7] Dyson, F. W.; Eddington, A. S.; Davidson C. (1920). "A determination of the deflection of light by the Sun's gravitational field, from observations made at the total eclipse of 29 May 1919". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 220A (571–581): 291–333. doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009. https://zenodo.org/record/1432106.

[8] Stanley, Matthew (2003). "'An Expedition to Heal the Wounds of War': The 1919 Eclipse and Eddington as Quaker Adventurer". Isis 94 (1): 57–89. doi:10.1086/376099. PMID 12725104. https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2003-03_94_1/page/57.

[9] Dyson, F. W.; Eddington, A. S.; Davidson, C. (1 January 1920). "A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 220 (571–581): 291–333. doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009. https://zenodo.org/record/1432106.

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