Kamponotus
Camponotus, yoki duradgor chumolilar[1] (lotincha: Camponotus) — Formisina (Formicinae) turkumidagi chumolilarning eng katta turi. 1000 ga yaqin turi mavjud.
Tavsifi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Tur dunyoning barcha zoogeografik mintaqalarida butun dunyo boʻylab tarqalgan. Asosan oʻrmonlarda yashaydi, lekin choʻllarda ham uchraydi (masalan, Camponotus turkestanicus va Camponotus turkestanus).
Camponotus — dunyodagi eng keng tarqalgan chumoli turi. Duradgor chumolilar (Yogʻoch qurtlari) sifatida tanilgan (inglizcha: Carpenter ants; нем. Holzameisen; швед. Hästmyror Holzameisen; shved. Hastmyror), koʻplab turlar oʻz uyalarini yogʻochda quradilar. Hammasi boʻlib Camponotus jinsi 1000 ga yaqin turlarni birlashtiradi. Dunyodagi bu turga tegishli eng katta chumolilardan biri Camponotus gigas hisoblanib, uzunligi 3 sm ga etadi. Yuqori jagʻlari uchburchak shaklida. Urg‘ochilar, ishchilar va erkaklarda paypaslagichlari 6 ta segmentdan, lab palplari esa 4 ta bo‘lakdan iborat. Koʻkrak va qorin boʻshligʻi orasidagi sopi vertikal shkalaga ega boʻlgan bitta segmentdan (petiolus) iborat. Nishi yoʻq. Endosimbiotik bakteriyalar Blochmannia (Enterobacteriaceae) turning bir nechta aʼzolarida uchraydi, ular ozuqaviy biosintetik funktsiyalarni bajaradilar[2]. Ular birinchi marta 1882-yilda Camponotus chumolilarining oʻrta ichak epiteliysining bakteriotsitar hujayralarida topilgan[3]. Hozirda ular nafaqat ichak hujayralarida, balki ayollarning tuxumdonlarida ham qayd etilgan[4][5]. Qadimgi ishchi chumolilarda endosimbiontlar soni kamayadi[6].
Genetika
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Camponotus castaneus turining genomi 0,31 pg (C qiymati)[7], Camponotus pennsylvanicus turiniki esa 0,33 pg.[8][9]
Sistematika
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Molekulyar genetik tadqiqotlar natijalariga koʻra (Ward va boshqalarning 2016-yilgi ishlariga asoslanib) Camponotus turii 45 ta kichik avlodga boʻlingan (sobiq Colobopsis va Dinomyrmex kichik avlodlari mustaqil avlodlarga boʻlingan), Ular quyidagilar[10]:
- podrod Camponotus s.str. (herculeanus)
- Colobopsis Mayr, 1861 (94 vida, v tom chisle C. truncatus)
- = Campylomyrma, = Condylomyrma, = Dolophra
- Dendromyrmex Emery, 1895
- Dinomyrmex Ashmead, 1905 (C. gigas)
- = Myrmogigas
- Forelophilus
- Hypercolobopsis Emery, 1920
- = Neocolobopsis
- Karavaievia Emery, 1925
- Manniella Wheeler, W.M., 1921
- Mayria Forel, 1878[11]
- = Myrmocamelus
- Myrmacrhaphe Santschi, 1926
- Myrmamblys Forel, 1912
- Myrmaphaenus Emery, 1920
- = Neomyrmamblys, = Paracolobopsis
- Myrmentoma Forel, 1912 (C. fallax)
- Myrmepinotus Santschi, 1921
- Myrmepomis Forel, 1912
- = Myrmolophus
- Myrmespera Santschi, 1926
- Myrmeurynota Forel, 1912
- Myrmisolepis Santschi, 1921
- Myrmobrachys Forel, 1912
- Myrmocladoecus Wheeler, W.M., 1921
- Myrmodirachis Emery, 1925
- Myrmogonia Forel, 1912
- Myrmomalis Forel, 1914
- Myrmonesites Emery, 1920
- = Myrmensites
- Myrmopalpella Stärcke, 1934
- Myrmopelta Santschi, 1921
- Myrmophyma Forel, 1912
- Myrmopiromis Wheeler, W.M., 1921
- Myrmoplatypus Santschi, 1921
- Myrmoplatys Forel, 1916
- Myrmopsamma Forel, 1914
- Myrmopytia Emery, 1920[12]
- Myrmosaga Forel, 1912[13]
- Myrmosaulus Wheeler, W.M., 1921
- Myrmosericus Forel, 1912
- Myrmosphincta Forel, 1912
- Myrmostenus Emery, 1920
- Myrmotarsus Forel, 1912
- Myrmotemnus Emery, 1920
- Myrmothrix Forel, 1912
- Myrmotrema Forel, 1912
- Myrmoxygenys Emery, 1925
- Orthonotomyrmex Ashmead, 1906
- = Orthonotus
- Paramyrmamblys Santschi, 1926
- Pseudocolobopsis Emery, 1920
- Rhinomyrmex Forel, 1886
- Tanaemyrmex Ashmead, 1905 (C. maculatus, C. turcestanicus)
- = Myrmoturba
- Thlipsepinotus Santschi, 1928
Podrod Dendromyrmex
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Yujnaya Amerika. 6 vidov[14][15][16]
- Camponotus apicalis
- Camponotus chartifex
- Camponotus nitidulans
- Camponotus nitidior
- Camponotus panamensis
- Camponotus traili
Podrod Hypercolobopsis
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]4 vida iz Brazilii
Podrod Manniella
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Kuba
Podrod Myrmamblys
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bolee 50 vidov. Imeyut sxodstvo v stroenii golovi s Colobopsis, Pseudocolobopsis i Hypercolobopsis. V osnovnom tropiki Starogo Sveta, vklyuchaya Avstraliyu i Okeaniyu. Myrmamblys Forel, 1912 bil razdelyon na 5 podrodov (Santschi, 1926): Myrmespera (Afrika, gruppa Camponotus emarginatus), Myrmopelta (Afrika, gruppa Camponotus vividus), Myrmotemnus (gruppa Camponotus moeschi), Paramyrmamblys (Afrika, gruppa Camponotus simus) i Myrmamblys sensu stricto (gruppa Camponotus greeni, gruppa Camponotus reticulatus)[17].
- Camponotus anningensis (Kitay)
- Camponotus daitoensis (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus humerus (Kitay)
- Camponotus itoi (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus lighti (Kitay)
- Camponotus nawai (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus nigronitidus (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus nipponensis (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus ogasawarensis (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus tokioensis (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus reticulatus
- Camponotus yamaokai (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus yambaru (Yaponiya)
Podrod Myrmepinotus
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Madagaskar
Podrod Myrmisolepis
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Afrika
Podrod Myrmobrachys
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Yujnaya Amerika. Okolo 50 vidov.
- Camponotus formiciformis Forel, 1884
- Camponotus senex Smith, 1858[18]
Podrod Myrmodirachis
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Braziliya
Podrod Myrmogonia
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Avstraliya
Podrod Myrmomalis
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Yujnaya Amerika
Podrod Myrmonesites
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Madagaskar s dopolneniyam i po[11].
- Camponotus christi Forel, 1886
- Camponotus dromedarius Forel, 1891
- Camponotus foersteri Forel, 1886
- = cambouei Forel, 1891
- = christi ambustus Forel, 1892
- = christi ferrugineus Emery, 1899
- = pictipes Forel, 1891
- Camponotus heteroclitus
- Camponotus lamosy Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
- Camponotus leveillei
- Camponotus maculiventris Emery, 1895
- Camponotus mainty Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
- Camponotus manabo Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
- Camponotus mocquerysi
- Camponotus pulcher Forel, 1892
- Camponotus putatus
- Camponotus raina Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
- Camponotus reaumuri
- Camponotus sada Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
- Camponotus sikorai
- Camponotus tanosy Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2018
Podrod Myrmopalpella
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus megalonyx (Borneo)
Podrod Myrmopelta
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]5 vidov iz Afriki
- Camponotus arminius
- Camponotus barbarossa
- Camponotus chrysurus
- Camponotus kollbrunneri
- Camponotus vividus
Podrod Myrmosericus
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Myrmosericus Forel, 1912. V osnovnom, tropiki Starogo Sveta[17]
- Camponotus armeniacus (Armeniya, Tursiya)
- Camponotus cosmicus
- Camponotus hoelldobleri
- Camponotus micans
- Camponotus pseudolendus (Kitay)
Podrod Myrmostenus
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Peru i Braziliya
- Camponotus convexiclypeus
- Camponotus leptocephalus (Braziliya)
- Camponotus longipilis
- Camponotus mirabilis
- Camponotus postangulatus
- Camponotus sphenocephalus
Podrod Myrmotemnus
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus hypoclineoides (Borneo)
- Camponotus impressilabris (Zap. Malayziya)
- Camponotus moeschi (Sumatra)
- Camponotus nutans (Sumatra)
- Camponotus reichenspergeri (Sumatra)
Podrod Myrmothrix
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Podrod Myrmoxygenys
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus caesar (Angola)
Podrod Orthonotomyrmex
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Afrika i Aziya[17]
- Camponotus cubangensis
- Camponotus fletcheri (Shri-Lanka)
- Camponotus lasiselene (Kitay)
- Camponotus liogaster
- Camponotus mayri
- Camponotus mendax (Indiya)
- Camponotus puniceps (Indiya)
- Camponotus sankisianus
- Camponotus scabrinodis
- Camponotus selene (Myanma)
- Camponotus sericeus
- Camponotus wasmanni (Indiya)
- Camponotus yiningensis (Kitay)
Podrod Paramyrmamblys Santschi, 1926
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Podrod Paramyrmamblys Santschi, 1926 vklyuchaet 15 vidov, iz nix 13 v tropicheskoy Afrike i 2 v Yaponii[17].
- Camponotus amamianus (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus kiusiuensis (Yaponiya)
- Camponotus ostiarius
- Camponotus simus
Podrod Rhinomyrmex
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus klaesii (Sumatra)
Podrod Thlipsepinotus
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Avstraliya, Novaya Gvineya
Karavaeviya Emeri kichik turi, 1925-yil
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi toʻquvchi chumolilar (18 tur)[19]
- Camponotus asli Dumpert, 1989 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [20]
- Camponotus aureus Dumpert, 2006 — Tailand [19]
- Camponotus belumensis Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus dolichoderoides Forel, 1911 — Borneo, Tailand [22]
- Camponotus exsectus Emery, 1900 — Indoneziya (Mentavey oroli)
- Camponotus gentingensis Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus gombaki Dumpert, 1986 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [23]
- Camponotus hoelldobleri Dumpert, 2006 — Tailand [19]
- Camponotus maschwitzi Dumpert, 2006 — Malayziya, Saravak (Borneo) [19]
- Camponotus melanus Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus micragyne Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus nigripes Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus orinus Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916 — Singapur [24][23]
- Camponotus schoedli Dumpert, 2006 — Tailand [19]
- Camponotus striatipes Dumpert, 1995 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [21]
- Camponotus texens Dumpert, 1986 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya [23]
- Camponotus weissflogi Dumpert, 2006 — Gʻarbiy Malayziya, Sun-gei Tekala Park [19]
Camponotus fulvopilosus guruhining turlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus fulvopilosus turlari guruhi, C. brevisetosus, C. detritus, C. storeatus
Camponotus grandidieri (Myrmotrema) guruhining turlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus auropubens Forel
- = Camponotus auropubens aldabrensis Forel
- = Camponotus olivieri freyeri Santschi
- Camponotus grandidieri Forel [25]
Mayria kichik turi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Madagaskarda taxminan 40 ta tur msvjud. Mayria takson Myrmocamelus[26] va Myrmosagani oʻz ichiga oladi.
Camponotus alamaina guruhining turlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Madagaskar. 2022-yildan beri Mayria[11].
- Camponotus alamaina Rakotonirina , Csősz & Fisher, 2016
- Camponotus androy Rakotonirina , Csősz & Fisher, 2016 yil
- Camponotus bevohitra Rakotonirina , Csősz & Fisher, 2016
Boshqa turlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Camponotus cilicicus (Camponotus)
- Camponotus hemichlaena (Camponotus)
- Camponotus hirtus
- Camponotus minimus
- Camponotus schmitzi (Colobopsis), niryayuщiy v kuvshinchiki Непентесa
Muhofaza holati
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bitta tur IUCN Qizil roʻyxatiga xavf ostida boʻlgan turlar roʻyxatiga kiritilgan :
- Camponotus universitatis — zaif[27]
Eslatmalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedа - ↑ Degnan PH, Lazarus AB, Wernegreen JJ. (2005). Genome sequence of Blochmannia pennsylvanicus indicates parallel evolutionary trends among bacterial mutualists of insects. — Genome Res. 2005 Aug; 15(8):1023—33
- ↑ Blochman F. Über das vorkommen von bakterienähnlichen gebilden in den geweben und eiern verschiedener insekten. — Zentbl Bakteriol. 1882;11:234—240.
- ↑ Sauer C, Dudaczek D, Hölldobler B, Gross R. (2002). Tissue localization of the endosymbiotic bacterium „Candidatus Blochmannia floridanus“ in adults and larvae of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. — Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Sep; 68(9):4187—93
- ↑ Schröder D., Deppisch H., Obermayer M., Krohne G., Stackebrandt E., Hôlldobler B., Goebel W., Gross R. (1996). Intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria of Camponotus species (carpenter ants): systematics, evolution and ultrastructural characterization. — Mol Microbiol. 1996 Aug; 21(3):479—89
- ↑ Wolschin F., Hölldobler B., Gross R., Zientz E. (2004). Replication of the endosymbiotic bacterium Blochmannia floridanus is correlated with the developmental and reproductive stages of its ant host. — Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul; 70(7):4096—102
- ↑ [„База данных о размерах геномов животных — Camponotus castaneus.“. 2014-yil 10-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-oktyabr. Baza dannix o razmerax genomov jivotnix — Camponotus castaneus.]
- ↑ „База данных о размерах геномов животных — Camponotus pennsylvanicus.“. 2008-yil 24-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-oktyabr.
- ↑ Tsutsui, N.D., A.V. Suarez, J.C. Spagna, and J.S. Johnston (2008). The evolution of genome size in ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 64.
- ↑ Blaimer B. B., Brady S. G., Schultz T. R., Lloyd M. W., Fisher B. L. & Ward P. S. (2015). Phylogenomic methods outperform traditional multi-locus approaches in resolving deep evolutionary history: a case study of formicine ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15, 271. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0552-5
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 {{{заглавие}}}.
- ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedRasoamanana2017 - ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedRakotonirina2022 - ↑ Fernández F. 2002. Revisión de las hormigas Camponotus subgénero Dendromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 42: 47—101 (page 51, Dendromyrmex kak podrod Camponotus)
- ↑ Wilson E. O. 1981. Communal silk-spinning by larvae of Dendromyrmex tree-ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 28:182—190.
- ↑ Weber N. A. 1944. The tree ants (Dendromyrmex) of South and Central America. Ecology 25: 117—120.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedРадченко1997 - ↑ Santos J.C., K. Del-Claro. Ecology and behaviour of the weaver ant Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) senex(ingl.) // Journal of Natural History : Журнал. — Sofia, 2009. — Vol. 43, no. 23–24. — P. 1423—1435. — DOI:10.1080/00222930902903236.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 19,5 Dumpert, K., U. Maschwitz and A. Weissflog. 2006. Description of five new weaver ant species of Camponotus subgenus Karavaievia Emery, 1925 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Malaysia and Thailand, with contribution to their biology, especially to colony foundation. Myrmecologische Nachrichten. 8:69—82.
- ↑ Dumpert, K.; Maschwitz, U.; Nässig, W.; Dorow, W. 1989. Camponotus (Karavaievia) asli sp. n. and C. (K.) montanus sp. n., two weaver ant species from Malaysia (Formicidae: Formicinae). Zool. Beitr. (N.F.). 32:217—231. (page 218)
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 Dumpert, K. 1995a. Taxonomy. Pp. 88-102 in: Dumpert, K.; Maschwitz, U.; Weissflog, A.; Rosciszewski, K.; Azarae, I. Hj. Six new weaver ant species from Malaysia: Camponotus (Karavaievia) striatipes, C. (K.) melanus, C. (K.) nigripes, C. (K.) belumensis, C. (K.) gentingensis, and C. (K.) micragyne. Malays. J. Sci. Ser. A. Life Sci. 16:87—105.
- ↑ Maschwitz, U.; Dumpert, K.; Schmidt, G. H. 1985. Silk pavilions of two Camponotus (Karavaievia) species from Malaysia: description of a new nesting type in ants (Formicidae: Formicinae). Z. Tierpsychol. 69: 237—249.
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Dumpert, K. 1986 [1985]. Camponotus (Karavaievia) texens sp. n. and C. (K.) gombaki sp. n. from Malaysia in comparison with other Karavaievia species (Formicidae: Formicinae). Psyche. 92:557—573. (page 563)
- ↑ Viehmeyer, H. 1916a [1915]. Ameisen von Singapore. Beobachtet und gesammelt von H. Overbeck. Arch. Naturgesch. (A) 81(8): 108—168 (page 162)
- ↑ {{{заглавие}}}.
- ↑ {{{заглавие}}}.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1996. Camponotus universitatis (Wayback Machine saytida 2018-08-07 sanasida arxivlangan). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996.
Adabiyot
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Kupyanskaya A. N. Chumolilar avlodi Camponotus Mayr., Polyergus Latr. va Paratrechina Motsch. SSSRning Uzoq Sharqidagi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) // Uzoq Sharqning Hymenoptera. Vladivostok, 1981 yil, 117-124-betlar.
- Radchenko A. G. Palearktikaning Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) jinsiga mansub chumolilarni koʻrib chiqish. Kirish. Camponotus s kichik jinsi. koʻch.1997. — jild. 76, № 5 . — P. 554-564. — ISSN 0044-5134 .
- Radchenko A. G. Palearktikaning Osiyo qismidagi Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) jinsi chumolilarining kaliti. (ruscha) // Zoologiya jurnali : Jurnal. — M .: Nauka, 1996 yil. — jild. 75, № 8 . — P. 1195-1203 yillar. — ISSN 0044-5134 .
- Radchenko A. G. Palearktikaning Osiyo qismidagi Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) turkumining Myrmentoma kenja jinsi chumolilarini koʻrib chiqish. (ruscha) // Zoologiya jurnali : Jurnal. — M .: Nauka, 1997 yil. — jild. 76, № 6 . — P. 703-711. — ISSN 0044-5134 .
- Radchenko A. G. Palearktikaning Osiyo qismidagi Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) turkumiga mansub Tanaemyrmex, Colobopsis, Myrmamblis, Myrmosericus, Orthonotomyrmex va Paramyrmamblis chumolilarini koʻrib chiqish. (ruscha) // Zoologiya jurnali : Jurnal. — M .: Nauka, 1997 yil. — jild. 76, № 7 . — P. 806-815. — ISSN 0044-5134 .
- Bolton B. Dunyo chumolilarining yangi umumiy katalogi, Garvard universiteti nashriyoti, Kembrij, MA, 1995 yil.
- Mackay, W.P.. New World Carpenter Ants of the Hyperdiverse Genus Camponotus. Volume 1: Introduction, Keys to the Subgenera and Species Complexes and the Subgenus Camponotus. Mauritius: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-620-0-09424-7.
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Genus Camponotus 2008 Arxivnaya kopiya (Kirish mumkin: 24 may 2018)
- Camponotus jinsi turlarining zamonaviy soni