Shakespearening qabr yodgorligi

Shakespearening qabr yodgorligi
Koordinatalari	52/11/12/N/1/42/27/W
Joylashuv	Buyuk Britaniya
Xarita
Koordinatalari	52°11′12″N 1°42′27″W / 52.18667°N 1.70750°W

Shakespearening dafn marosimi yodgorligi — Buyuk Britaniyaning Stratford-apon-Avon shahridagi Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi ichida joylashgan William Shakespeare yodgorligidir^[1].

Yodgorlikn o'rnatilishining aniq sanasi noma'lum, ammo bu 1623-yildan oldin sodir bo'lgan, chunki Shakespearening birinchi pyesalari to'plami shu yili nashr etilgan, uning so'zboshida shoir Leonard Dijes Stratford yodgorligi haqida eslatib o'tgan. Shoir va antikvar Jon Uiver o'z eslatmalarida Shakespeare yodgorligini eslatib o'tadi va uning qo'lyozmasini adabiyotshunos olim Ketrin Dunkan-Jons tahlili shuni ko'rsatadiki, Uiver Stratfordga 1617-1618-yillarda tashrif buyurgan^[2].

Yodgorlik 1748-1749-yillarda restavratsiya qilingan va o‘z tarixi davomida bir necha bor qayta bo‘yalgan.

Tavsif

Yodgorlikni, Jerar Jonson, och ko'k ohaktoshdan^[3] o'yib ishlagan va Altarning shimoliy devoriga o'rnatilgan. Yodgorlik yarim uzunlikdagi Shakespeare haykali ko'rinishida o'ng qo'lida pat qalam, chap qo'li qog'ozga tayangan va ikkalasi ham jun qopga suyangan (bu farovonlik ramzi) holda tasvirlangan. Shakespeare haykaltarosh tomonidan tugmali qip-qizil dubletda, jigarrang ko'zli, jigarrang sochli va soqolli qilib tasvirlangan^[4]. Shunga o'xshash tasvir uslubi ko'pincha ilohiyotchilar, olimlar va aqliy mehnat bilan bog'liq boshqa kasblar vakillariga yodgorliklarni yaratishda qo'llanilgan^[5]. Ushbu haykaltaroshlik tasviri William Shakespearening tashqi qiyofasini aks ettiruvchi ikkita tasvirdan biri hisoblanadi^[6]. Qora sayqallangan marmardan yasalgan ikkita Korinf ustuni dramaturgning haykalini o'rab turgan arkga o'zgacha ko'rinish beradi, ularda ikkita kichik karub figuralari joylashgan: chap tomonida belkurak bilan ishchi tasvirlangan, o'ngda ag'darilgan bosh suyagi. Mash'ala - tinchlik ramzi hisoblangan. Karublar o'rtasida Shakespeare oilasining gerbi joylashgan bo'lib, unda to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi tosh plitada barelyef shaklida o'yilgan gerb va geraldik qalqon tasvirlangan. Yodgorlikning ustki qismi piramida shaklida qilingan, uning tepasida boshqa bosh suyagi joylashgan - u bosh suyagining ko'zlari bo'sh va pastki jag'i bo'lmagan^[7]. Plitalar, friz va ark dastlab oq alebastrdan yasalgan bo'lib, 1749- yilda oq marmar bilan almashtirilgan^[8].

Qabrtosh yozuvi

Shakespeare surati ostida lotin tilida epitafiya va ingliz tilida she'r o'yib yozilgan taxta bor.

Epitafiya lotincha qoʻshiq (elegiac distich^[9]) boʻlib, shunday yozilgan:

IVDICIO PYLIVM, GENIO SOCRATEM, ARTE MARONEM,

TERRA TEGIT, POPVLVS MÆRET, OLYMPVS HABET

Ya’ni: Nestordek aql bilan, Suqrotdek daholik bilan, Marondek san’at bilan uning zamini qoplanadi, xalq motam tutdi, Olimp qabul qiladi^[10].

Epitaf ostida Ben Jonson yoki Draytonga tegishli inglizcha she'r bor, unda shunday deyiladi:

   STAY PASSENGER, WHY GOEST THOV BY SO FAST,

   READ IF THOV CANST, WHOM ENVIOVS DEATH HATH PLAST
   WITH IN THIS MONVMENT SHAKSPEARE: WITH WHOME,
   QVICK NATVRE DIDE: WHOSE NAME, DOTH DECK Y^S TOMBE,
   FAR MORE, THEN COST: SIEH ALL, Y^T HE HATH WRITT,
   LEAVES LIVING ART, BVT PAGE, TO SERVE HIS WITT.

   Kutib turing, sayohatchi, nega o'tib ketayapsiz?

   Iloji bo'lsa o'qing, hasad o'lim kimni bu tosh ostiga qo'ydi
   Shakespeare - tirik tabiatli odam bizni tark etdi.
   Uning nomi qabrni barcha bezaklaridan ko'ra ko'proq bezatdi.
   Zero, yozganlari tirik odamni o‘z dahosi oldida ta’zim qildirdi

Tarix

Yodgorlikning birinchi bosilgan tasviri William Dugdeylning 1656-yilda nashr etilgan Uorikshir qadimiy asarlarida gravyura sifatida paydo bo'lgan, ehtimol Dugdalening o'zi tomonidan chizilgan qo'pol rasmda Shakespeare haykalida qalam va qog'oz yetishmayapti, qo'llari esa yostiq bilan band bo'lib, uni tanasiga bosib turgan holda. Ushbu rasmdagi Shakespeare haykalining pozasi ko'plab masxaralarga sabab bo'lgan, xususan, san'atshunos Marion Szpilman Shakespeare oshqozonidagi og'riq tufayli yostiqni bosib turibdi, deb kinoya qilgan^[11].

1725-yilgi Shakespeare pyesasi Alexandr Pope nashrida 1723-yilda oʻymakor Jorj Virtu tomonidan qilingan yodgorlikning yetarlicha aniq chizilgan birinchi nusxasi mavjud^[12].

1748-1749-yillarda yodgorlik qayta tiklandi. Kerakli mablag'ni to'plash uchun Stratford Grammatika maktabi o'qituvchisi Parson Grin Stratfordda Shakespeare pyesalari spektakllarini uyushtirdi, undan tushgan mablag' restavratsiyaga sarflandi^[13]. Ushbu tashabbusda uni taniqli aktyor va tadbirkor Jon Uord qo'llab-quvvatladi, u 1746-yil 9 -sentyabrda Stratford shahar zalida Otello rolini o'ynashga rozi bo'ldi va spektakldan tushgan mablag'ni dramaturg haykalini qayta tiklash uchun xayriya qilishga rozi bo'ldi^[14].

Qayta tiklashdan oldin yodgorlikning asl qiyofasini saqlab qolish uchun Bristollik usta Jon Xoll maxsus rasm chizdi^[15]^[16], Grinning o'zi esa yodgorlik boshiga gipsdan tayyorlangan qolip qo'ydi^[17]. Qayta tiklash jarayonida yodgorlik oʻzining asl koʻrinishida saqlab qolindi, boʻyash va zargarlik buyumlari yangilandi, bundan tashqari, dastlab alebastrdan yasalgan platbands, friz va arklar marmar bilan almashtirildi^[18].

Shakespearening qabri bir necha bor vandalizm qurboniga aylangan. Xususan, haykal qo‘lida ushlab turgan pat qalami bir necha bor o‘g‘irlangan, shundan so‘ng u yangisiga almashtirilgan. 1793-yilda taniqli Shakespeare olimi Edmund Meloun Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi vakilini o'sha davrning neoklassik modasiga mos ravishda yodgorlikni oq rangga bo'yashga ko'ndirdi. 1861-yilda oq bo'yoq olib tashlandi va yodgorlik asl rang sxemasida qayta bo'yaldi^[19].

1973-yilda noma'lum bosqinchilar Shakespeare haykalini joydan sug'urib olib, unga zarar yetkazishgan. Ushbu voqeadan so'ng haykalni Shakespeare bo'yicha amerikalik olim Samuel Schoenbaum ko'rib chiqdi va u yodgorlik faqat kichik zarar ko'rgan^[20] degan xulosaga keldi. Mahalliy politsiya vakillari hujumchilar Shakespearening go‘yoki yodgorlik ichida yashiringan noma’lum qo‘lyozmalarini qidirishgan degan xulosaga kelishgan.

Galereya

William Dugdeyl eskizi, 1649-yilda yaratilgan va keyinchalik[Ventslav Hollar tomonidan Dugdeylning Uorikshir qadimiy asarida oʻyib ishlash uchun foydalanilgan.
Yodgorlikning birinchi marta Dugdeylning "Qadimiy Uorikshir " asarida (1656) nashr etilgan nusxasi.
Belgilat tavsifi
Dugdeyldagi keyingi sahifada yuqoridagi yodgorlik Stratford-apon-Avonda tug'ilgan va dafn etilgan Marhum mashhur shoir V.Shakespeare yodgorligi ekanligi aniqlangan.
Janob William Shakespeare asarlari uchun ko'chirilgan gravyura
Jorj Vertuning 1725-yilgi Rim papasining Shakespeare asarlarining nashri uchun surati, uning ozʻzi chizgan yodgorlik va Chandos portretidan olingan.
1737 yilda Jorj Vertu tomonidan chizilgan eskiz
1748-49-yillarda restavratsiya qilinishidan oldin limner Jon Xoll tomonidan suratga olingan yodgorlik
Shakespeare yodgorligining Charlz Grignion]tomonidan o‘yib ishlangani.
Frensis Eginton (gravyurachi) tomonidan 1806-yilda Uilerning "Stratford-upon-Avon tarixi va qadimiy buyumlari" kitobida chop etilgan Robert Bell Uiler chizgan rasmidan oʻyib ishlangan gravyurasi.
Yodgorlikning bevosita konteksti
Yodgorlikning kengroq konteksti, Shakespeare va uning rafiqasi qabrlari tepasida
Shekspir yuzining yaqindan ko'rinishi
Qo'l va pat qalamning yaqindan ko'rinishi
Altar
Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovining ko'rinishi

Manbalar

↑ http://churchmonumentssociety.org/Monument%20of%20the%20Month%20Archive/2010_03.html
↑ Duncan-Jones, Katherine, H. R. Woudhuysen. Shakespeare’s Poems. — London: Arden Shakespeare, Thomson Learning, 2007
↑ https://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona
↑ https://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona
↑ https://archive.org/details/englishchurchmon0000kemp
↑ https://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona
↑ https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho
↑ Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.
↑ https://books.google.ru/books?id=P084AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7
↑ Сэм Шенбаум. Шекспир. Краткая документальная биография / Перевод А. А. Аникста и А. Л. Величанского. — М.: Прогресс, 1985. — Стр. 391.
↑ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.171042
↑ Price, Diana. Reconsidering Shakespeare's Monument.Review of English Studies 48. — 1997.
↑ Nicoll Allardyce, Kenneth Muir. Shakespeare Survey 19. — Cambridge University Press, 2006.
↑ Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.
↑ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.171042
↑ Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.
↑ Price, Diana. Reconsidering Shakespeare's Monument.Review of English Studies 48. — 1997.
↑ Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.
↑ https://archive.org/details/shakespearescoun00wind
↑ https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho

Adabiyotlar

Duncan-Jones, Katherine, H. R. Woudhuysen. Shakespeare’s Poems. London: Arden Shakespeare, Thomson Learning, 2007. ISBN 978-1-903436-87-5.
Honan, Park. Shakespeare: A Life. Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-811792-2.
Kemp, Brian. English Church Monuments. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1980.
Schoenbaum, S.. William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. Oxford University Press, 1987.
Fox, Levi, ed.. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. HMSO, 1965.
Spielmann, M. H.. The Title Page of the First Folio of Shakespeare’s Plays, 1924.
Price, Diana. Reconsidering Shakespeare's Monument.Review of English Studies 48, 1997.
Nicoll Allardyce, Kenneth Muir. Shakespeare Survey 19. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
B. C. A. Windle. Shakespeare Country, 1899.

[1] ttp://churchmonumentssociety.org/Monument%20of%20the%20Month%20Archive/2010_03.html

[2] Duncan-Jones, Katherine, H. R. Woudhuysen. Shakespeare’s Poems. — London: Arden Shakespeare, Thomson Learning, 2007

[3] ttps://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona

[4] ttps://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona

[5] ttps://archive.org/details/englishchurchmon0000kemp

[6] ttps://archive.org/details/shakespearelife00hona

[7] ttps://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho

[8] Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.

[9] ttps://books.google.ru/books?id=P084AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7

[10] Сэм Шенбаум. Шекспир. Краткая документальная биография / Перевод А. А. Аникста и А. Л. Величанского. — М.: Прогресс, 1985. — Стр. 391.

[11] ttps://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.171042

[12] Price, Diana. Reconsidering Shakespeare's Monument.Review of English Studies 48. — 1997.

[13] Nicoll Allardyce, Kenneth Muir. Shakespeare Survey 19. — Cambridge University Press, 2006.

[14] Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.

[15] ttps://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.171042

[16] Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.

[17] Price, Diana. Reconsidering Shakespeare's Monument.Review of English Studies 48. — 1997.

[18] Fox, Levi, ed. The Correspondence of the Reverend Joseph Greene. — HMSO, 1965.

[19] ttps://archive.org/details/shakespearescoun00wind

[20] ttps://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000scho

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