Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
Sharqiy Osiyo tillari 2001-yilda Stanley Starosta tomonidan taklif qilingan til oilasi (muqobil ravishda makrofamily yoki superphylum) guruhini tashkil qiluvchi tillar jamoasi. Bu taklif George van Driem tomonidan qabul qilingan.
Tasniflar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Dastlabki takliflar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Sharqiy Osiyo tillari oilasining turli xil tasniflari ishlab chiqilgan. Quyida bu oilaga kiruvchi tillarning dastlabki tasniflanishi keltirilgan:
- Avstroosiyo, Austronesian , Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman : August Conrady (1916, 1922)[1][2] va Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)[3][4] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
- Avstroosiyo, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien : Paul K. Benedict (1942)[5], Robert Blust (1996)[6], Ilia Peiros (1998)[7] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
- Avstriya-Osiyo, Avstroneziya, Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman, Xmong-Mien : Stanley Starosta (2001) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
Sharqiy Osiyo taklifining prekursorlari:
- Avstriya-Tai (Kra-Dai va Avstroneziya): Gustave Shlegel (1901, 1902),[8][9] Weera Ostapirat (2005)[10]
- Avstriya (Avstroosiyo va Avstroneziya): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906)[11] va Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif[12][13].
Starosta (2005)
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Stanley Starostaning (2005)[14] Sharqiy Osiyo til oilalari taklifi Sharqiy Osiyo superphylumini shakllantirish uchun Avstroosiyo va Hmong-Miendan iborat „Yangzian“ filialini oʻz ichiga oladi. Biroq, Starosta oʻzi taklif qilgan Yangzianni avstroneziya tili emas, balki Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri qardosh deb hisoblaydi, bu Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzianning qardoshi sifatida Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan uzoqroq bogʻliq. Uning xulosasiga koʻra, proto-Sharqiy Osiyo eramizdan avvalgi 6500—6000-yillarda Shimoliy Xitoy tekisligidagi (xususan Han daryosi, Wei daryosi va markaziy Sariq daryosi hududlari) Peiligang madaniyati va Cishan madaniyati dehqon jamoalari tomonidan soʻzlashilgan til hisoblanadi[15].
- Sharqiy Osiyo
- avstroneziya
- (turli xil Formosan filiallari)
- Ekstra-Formosan
- Tai-Kaday
- Malayo-Polineziya
- Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzian
- Xitoy-Tibet
- Yangzian
- avstroasiatik
- Hmong-Mien
- avstroneziya
Starosta (2005) quyidagi Proto-Sharqiy Osiyo morfologik affikslarini taklif qiladi, ular Proto-Tibet-Burman va Proto- Austroneziya tillarida, shuningdek, Nikobarik kabi baʼzi morfologik konservativ avstroasiatik tarmoqlarda uchraydi[16].
- *m (V) — „V-ing agenti“
- *-Vn „V-ing bemori“
- *sV- „V-ing asbobi“
- * n (V) — „mukammal“
van Driem (2012)
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Sharqiy Osiyo til oilasining quyidagi daraxti (makrofamily) George van Driem tomonidan 2012-yilda Benaras Hindu universitetida oʻtkazilgan 18-Himoloy tillari simpoziumida taklif qilingan.
- Sharqiy Osiyo
- Avstriya-Tai
- Kradai
- avstroneziya
- avstroasiatik
- Himoloy-Yangtzean
- Trans-Himoloy
- Xitoy-Bodic
- Burmo-Qianjic
- Brahmaputran
- Gongduk va boshqalar.
- Kiranti va boshqalar.
- Yantzean
- Hmong-Mien
- Trans-Himoloy
- Avstriya-Tai
Van Driemning soʻzlariga koʻra, Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun lingvistik dalillar Y-DNK Haplogroup O dan olingan genetik dalillarga mos keladi. (Qoʻshimcha maʼlumot: Ota tili gipotezasi)
Larish (2006, 2017)
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Michael D. Larishning fikricha, Janubi-Sharqiy va Sharqiy Osiyo tillari bir proto-tildan (u „proto-osiyo“ deb ataydi) kelib chiqqan. Yapon tili koreys tili bilan birga proto-osiyo oilasining bir tarmogʻi sifatida guruhlangan. Boshqa tarmoq avstroneziya, avstroasiatik, kra-dai, Hmong-mien va xitoy-tibet tillaridan iborat[17][18].
- Sharqiy Osiyo
- Yapon-Koreys
- Avstriya-Osiyo
- avstroneziya
- avstroasiatik
- Kra-Dai
- Hmong-Mien
- Xitoy-Tibet
Lugʻatni taqqoslash
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Quyida Sharqiy Osiyodagi barcha 5 til oilasining proto-tillari uchun asosiy lugʻat elementlarini taqqoslash keltirilgan.; Manbalar
- Proto-Tibet- Burman: Matisoff (2015)
- Proto-Hmong-Mien : Ratliff (2010)[19]
- Proto-Avstroosiyo : Sidvell va Rau (2015)[20]
- Proto- Astroneziya: Blust & Trussel (2020)[21]
- Proto-Tai : Pittayaporn (2009)[22]
- Proto-Hlai : Norquest (2007)
- Proto-Kra : Ostapirat (2000)
| Xitoy-Tibetan | Hmong-Mien | Avstroosiyo | Austroneziya | Kra-Dai | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soʻzlar | Proto-Tibet-Burman | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Avstroosiyo | Proto-Austroneziya | Proto-Tai | Proto-Hlai | Proto-Kra |
| soch | *(t)sam | *pljei | *suk, *sɔːk | *bukeS | *prɤmA | *hnom | *m-səmA |
| koʻz | *s-myak | *mu̯ɛjH | *mat | *maCa | *p.taːA | *tʃʰaː | *m-ʈaA |
| quloq | *r/g-na | *mbræu | *-toːr | *Caliŋa | *krwɯːA | *ljəy | *k-raA |
| burun | *s-na ~ *s-naːr | *mbruiH | *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs | *ujuŋ | *ɗaŋA | *kʰət | *hŋətD |
| tish | *s/p-wa | *hmjinʔ | *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p (i)əŋ | *lipen, *n/ŋipen | *wanA | *fjən | *l-pənA |
| tomoq | *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley | *mblet | *lntaːk | *Sema, *lidam | *liːnC | *hliːnʔ | *l-maA |
| qoʻl | *lak ~ *C-yak | *-bɔuʔ | *tiːʔ | *kamay | *mwɯːA | *C-mɯː | *mjaA |
| suyuk | *s/m/g-rus | *tshuŋʔ | *cʔaːŋ | *CuqelaN | *C̥.dukD | *Cuɾɯːk | *dəkD |
| qon | *s-hywəy-t | *ntshjamʔ | *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm | *daRaq | *lɯətD | *alaːc | *platD |
| fuqaro | *m-sin | *-hri̯ən | *kləːm, *ris | *qaCay | *tapD | *ɗəy | *təpD |
| goʻsht | *sya-n | P-Mienic *ʔaB | *sac | *Sesi | *n.mɤːC | *rəmʔ | *ʔaɯC |
| it | *d-kʷəy-n | P-Hmongic *hmaŋC | *cɔːʔ | *asu | *ʰmaːA | *hmaː | *x-maA |
| qush | *s-ŋak | *m-nɔk | *ciːm, *ceːm | *manuk 'chickenʼ | *C̬.nokD | *səc | *ɳokD |
| baliq | *s-ŋya | *mbrəuʔ | *kaʔ | *Sikan | *plaːA | *hlaː | *p-laA |
| bit | *s-r (y)ik | *ntshjeiʔ | *ciːʔ | *kuCux | *trawA | *tʃʰwəw | *C-ʈuA |
| barg | *lay | P-Hmongic *mblɔŋA, P-Mienic *nɔmA |
*slaʔ | *waSaw | *ɓaɰA | *ɓɯː | *ɖiŋA |
| quyosh | *s-nəy | P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA | *tŋiːʔ | *waRi, *qajaw | *ŋwanA | *hŋwən | *(l-/h)wənA |
| oy | *s/g-la | *hlaH | *khaj | *bulaN, *qiNaS | *ɓlɯənA | *C-ɲaːn | *(C-)tjanA |
| suv | *m-t (w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s | *ʔu̯əm | *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm | *daNum | *C̬.namC | *C-nəmʔ | *ʔuŋC |
| yomgʻir | *r/s/g-wa | P-Hmongic *m-noŋC | *gmaʔ | *quzaN | *C̥.wɯnA | *fun | *jəlA |
| olov | *mey | *douʔ | *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs | *Sapuy | *wɤjA | *fiː | *puiA |
| ism | *r-mi (ŋ/n) | *mpɔuH | *-məh | *ŋajan | *ɟɤːB | *pʰaːŋ | *n (ʒ)iA |
| yemoq | *m-dz (y)a-k/n/t/s | P-Mienic *ɲənC | *caːʔ | *kaen | *kɯɲA | *kʰən | *kanA |
| oʻlim | *səy | *dəjH | *kceːt | *ma-aCay | *p.taːjA | *hlaːwɦ | *pɣonA |
| men | *ŋa-y ~ *ka | P-Hmongic *kɛŋB | *ʔaɲ | -ku | *kuːA | *ɦuː | *kuA |
| siz | *na-ŋ | *mu̯ei | *miːʔ | -mu | *mɯŋA | *C-mɯː | *məA/B |
Tarqatishlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]-
Xitoy-Tibet tillarining tarqalishi -
Kra–Dai tillarining tarqalishi -
Avstroosiyo tillarining tarqalishi -
Hmong–Mien tillarining tarqalishi -
Avstroneziya tillarining tarqalishi
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Yana qarang
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Ota tili gipotezasi
- Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun tasnif sxemalari
- Xitoy-Avstroneziya tillari
- avstriya tillari
- Avstriya-Tay tillari
- Materik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo lingvistik hududi
- Gaplogrup O (Y-DNK)
- Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
- Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
- Xitoy tillari
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
- ↑ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
- ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
- ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- ↑ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
- ↑ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
- ↑ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
- ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
- ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
- ↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
- ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
- ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
- ↑ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
- ↑ Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“, . The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197-bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
- ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15-avgust 2017-yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10-avgust 2020-yil.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format () - ↑ Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil.
- ↑ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
- ↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
- ↑ Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.
- ↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- George van Driem tomonidan Sharqiy Osiyo tillari boʻyicha maqolalar (Wayback Machine saytida 9-avgust 2020-yil sanasida arxivlangan)