Transiordaniya

Agar "Sharqiy qirg'oq" haqida bo'lsa quyidagi link orqali o'qing - "Sharqiy qirg'oq". Bu maqola geografik hudud haqida. 20-asrda Hoshimiylar hukmronligi ostidagi Britaniya protektorati uchun "Transiordaniya amirligiga" qarang.

Transiordaniya, "Sharqiy qirg'oq" yoki "Transiordaniya tog'lari" (Arab tilida: شرق الأردن) - Janubiy Levant, Iordan daryosining sharqiy qismi boʻlib, asosan hozirgi Iordaniya hududida joylashgan.

Bu hudud "Transiordaniya" nomi orqali araldi, tarixda ko'plab kuchlar imperiyalar tomonidan bosib olinib va nazorat qilingan. Yangi davr boshlarida Transiordaniya hududi Usmonli Suriya davlati yurisdiksiyasiga kiritilgan.1910-yillarda Usmonlilar hukmronligiga qarshi boʻlgan Buyuk Arab qoʻzgʻolonidan soʻng 1921-yilda Hoshimiylar amiri Abdulloh tomonidan "Transiordaniya Amirligi" tashkil etildi va amirlik Britaniya protektoratiga aylandi. 1946-yilda mirlik inglizlardan mustaqillikka erishdi va 1948-yildagi Arab-Isroil urushidan keyin 1949-yilda Iordaniya "G'arbiy Sohilni" anneksiya qilganidan keyin mamlakat o'z nomini "Iordaniya Hoshimiylar Qirolligi" ga o'zgartirdi.

Hudud nomini kelib chiqish tarixi

Trans- prefiksi Lotin tilidan olingan bo'lib, "bo'ylab" yoki "undan tashqarida" degan ma'noni anglatadi, shuning uchun "Transiordan" so'zi Iordan daryosining narigi tomonidagi yerni anglatadi. G'arbiy tomon uchun ekvivalent atama Cisjordan - tom ma'noda "Iordan[daryo]sini bu tomonida" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Tarixi

Misr davri

Shasular soʻnggi bronza davridan to ilk temir davrigacha Levantda semit tilida soʻzlashuvchi chorvadorlar boʻlgan. Miloddan avvalgi 15-asrda Amenxotep III tomonidan qurilgan Soleb ibodatxonasidagi ustunlar ustiga yozilgan dushmanlar ro'yxatida Shasuning 6 guruhi qayd etilgan; Shasu S'rr, Shasu Rbn, Shasu Sm't, Shasu Wrbr, Shasu Yhw va Shasu Pysps. Ba'zi olimlar isroilliklarni va Yahve ismli xudoga sig'inishni shasu bilan bog'lashadi. Misr geografik "Retjenu" atamasi an'anaviy ravishda Livanning janubida Sinay va Kan'onni qamrab olgan hududlar bilan^[1] shimolda Amurru va Apu hududlariga aytiladi^[2]. Shunday qilib, Kan'on va janubi-g'arbiy Suriyaning bir qismi erta bronza davrida Misr fir'avnlariga ta'von to'lovchi hududlarga aylangan. Kan'on konfederatsiyalari Megiddo va Kadeshga birlashtirilganda, Misr imperiyasi nazorati ostiga o'tgan. Biroq, imperiyaning shu hududlarni nazorat qiluvchi boshqaruvi tez-tez bo'ladigon mahalliy qo'zg'olonlarni va shaharlararo to'qnashuvlarni oldini olish uchun etarlicha kuchli emas edi.

Bronza davrining qulashi

So'nggi bronza davrining qulashi paytida Suriya amorit kabilasi Ahlamu deb nomlanuvchi yarim ko'chmanchi G'arbiy Semit tilida so'zlashuvchi xalqlarning yangi to'lqini tomonidan ko'chirilgan yoki haydab yuborilgandan keyin g'oyib bo'lishdi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan oromiylar Ahlamular orasida hukmron qabila sifatida paydo bo'ldi; miloddan avvalgi 11-asr oxirida Xetlarning vayron bo'lishi va Ossuriyaning tanazzulga uchrashi bilan ular Suriya va Transiordaniyaning ko'p qismini nazorat qilishdi. Ular yashagan hududlar Aram (Aramiya) va Eber-Nari deb nomlana boshladi.

Klassik davr

"Dekapolis" Pliniy Elder (23-79) sanab o'tgan o'nta shahar nomidan olingan. Pliniy "Dekapolis" deb atagan joyni Ptolemey (taxminan 100-170 yillar) Kole-Suriya deb ataydi^[3]. Ptolemey "Transiordan" atamasini emas, balki "Iordaniya bo'ylab" perifrazasini ishlatadi^[4]. va shaharlarni sanab o'tadi: Cosmas, Livias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros va boshqalar^[5]^[6].

Havolalar

↑ Ryholt, K. S. B.; Bülow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
↑ Bryce, Trevor (15 March 2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-19-150502-7. Damascus' history extends well back before the Aramaean occupation. It is first attested as one of the cities and kingdoms which fought against and were defeated by the pharaoh Tuthmosis III at the battle of Megiddo during Tuthmosis' first Asiatic campaign in 1479 (ANET 234-8). Henceforth, it appears in Late Bronze Age texts as the centre of a region called Aba/Apa/Apina/Upi/Upu [Apu]. From Tuthmosis' conquest onwards, for the remainder of the Late Bronze Age, this region remained under Egyptian sovereignty, though for a short time after the battle of Qadesh, fought in 1274 by the pharaoh Ramesses 11 against the Hittite king Muwatalli II, it came under Hittite control. After the Hittite withdrawal, Damascus and its surrounding region marked part of Egypt's northern frontier with the Hittites.
↑ Hodgson, James; Derham, William; Mead, Richard; M. de Fontenelle (Bernard Le Bovier) (1727). Miscellanea Curiosa: Containing a Collection of Some of the Principal Phænomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greatest Philosophers of this Age: Being the Most Valuable Discourses, Read and Delivered to the Royal Society, for the Advancement of Physical and Mathematical Knowledge. As Also a Collection of Curious Travels, Voyages, Antiquities, and Natural Histories of Countries; Presented to the Same Society. To which is Added, A Discourse of the Influence of the Sun and Moon on Human Bodies, &c W. B. pp. 175–176. Decapolis was so called from its ten Cities enumerated by Pliny (lib. 5. 18.)
↑ Smith, William (1873). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. J. Murray. p. 533. [Ptolemy] describes the Peraea by a periphrasis as the eastern side of Jordan which may imply that the name [Peraea] was no longer in vogue
↑ Ptolemy, Geographica, Book 5, Ch.15:6
↑ Taylor, Joan E. (30 January 2015). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-19-870974-9. Ptolemy's Geographica provided a great compendium of knowledge in terms of the placements of cities and lands in the ancient world, information that would form the basis of medieval cartography, resulting in a standard Ptolemaic map of Asia, including Palestine. The information about Judaea appears in Book 5, where pars Asphatitem lacum are mentioned as well as the main cities. In the region east of the Jordan, there are sites that are not all easy to determine: Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros (Ptolemy, Geogr. 5: 15: 6).

[1] Ryholt, K. S. B.; Bülow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.

[2] Bryce, Trevor (15 March 2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-19-150502-7. Damascus' history extends well back before the Aramaean occupation. It is first attested as one of the cities and kingdoms which fought against and were defeated by the pharaoh Tuthmosis III at the battle of Megiddo during Tuthmosis' first Asiatic campaign in 1479 (ANET 234-8). Henceforth, it appears in Late Bronze Age texts as the centre of a region called Aba/Apa/Apina/Upi/Upu [Apu]. From Tuthmosis' conquest onwards, for the remainder of the Late Bronze Age, this region remained under Egyptian sovereignty, though for a short time after the battle of Qadesh, fought in 1274 by the pharaoh Ramesses 11 against the Hittite king Muwatalli II, it came under Hittite control. After the Hittite withdrawal, Damascus and its surrounding region marked part of Egypt's northern frontier with the Hittites.

[3] Hodgson, James; Derham, William; Mead, Richard; M. de Fontenelle (Bernard Le Bovier) (1727). Miscellanea Curiosa: Containing a Collection of Some of the Principal Phænomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greatest Philosophers of this Age: Being the Most Valuable Discourses, Read and Delivered to the Royal Society, for the Advancement of Physical and Mathematical Knowledge. As Also a Collection of Curious Travels, Voyages, Antiquities, and Natural Histories of Countries; Presented to the Same Society. To which is Added, A Discourse of the Influence of the Sun and Moon on Human Bodies, &c W. B. pp. 175–176. Decapolis was so called from its ten Cities enumerated by Pliny (lib. 5. 18.)

[4] Smith, William (1873). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. J. Murray. p. 533. [Ptolemy] describes the Peraea by a periphrasis as the eastern side of Jordan which may imply that the name [Peraea] was no longer in vogue

[5] Ptolemy, Geographica, Book 5, Ch.15:6

[6] Taylor, Joan E. (30 January 2015). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-19-870974-9. Ptolemy's Geographica provided a great compendium of knowledge in terms of the placements of cities and lands in the ancient world, information that would form the basis of medieval cartography, resulting in a standard Ptolemaic map of Asia, including Palestine. The information about Judaea appears in Book 5, where pars Asphatitem lacum are mentioned as well as the main cities. In the region east of the Jordan, there are sites that are not all easy to determine: Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros (Ptolemy, Geogr. 5: 15: 6).

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