Tsenzura
Senzura birinchi marta Qin sulolasi davrida (miloddan avvalgi –221-207-yillar) tashkil etilgan Imperator Xitoyda yuqori darajadagi nazorat organi edi.
Mo'g'ullar boshchiligidagi Yuan sulolasi davrida (1271 – 1368) senzura juda samarali agentlik bo'lgan. Min sulolasi davrida (1368 – 1644) senzura olti vazirlik va beshta bosh harbiy komissiyaga parallel ravishda markazlashtirilgan byurokratiyaning bir tarmog'i bo'lib, imperator oldida bevosita javobgar edi[1]. Tekshiruvchi senzura imperatorning "ko'zlari va qulog'i" bo'lib, har bir darajadagi ma'murlarni korruptsiya va huquqbuzarliklarning oldini olish uchun tekshirgan, bu o'sha davrning umumiy xususiyati hisoblangan. Ommabop hikoyalarda korruptsiyani ochib beradigan adolatli senzuralar, shuningdek, pora olgan senzuralar haqida aytilgan. Umuman olganda, ular qo'rqishgan va yoqtirmaganlar va o'z vazifalarini bajarish uchun doimo harakat qilishlari kerak edi.
Ichki tuzilish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Senzura uchta bo'limga bo'lingan ( 院 ).
- Saroy filiali(殿院) auditoriya vaqtida mansabdor shaxslarning xatti-harakatlarini kuzatish uchun mas'ul edi. Unda saroy ichidagi surishtiruv senzuralari bor 殿中侍御史 ).
- Ogohlantirish bo'limi ( 台院 ) imperatorning xulq-atvorini kuzatish, uning xato qilmasligini ta'minlash va unga o'z vazifalarini eslatish uchun mas'ul edi. Unda (侍御史) senzuralari ishlagan.
- Aniqlash bo'limi(察院) bo'limi mahalliy amaldorlarning xatti-harakatlarini nazorat qilish uchun mas'ul edi. Monitor senzuralari ( 監察御史 ) hukumat funktsiyalarining to'g'ri bajarilishini va mahalliy amaldorlarning yaxshi ishlashini ta'minlash uchun aylanmalar bo'yicha mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qiladi.
Vetnam[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Nguyen sulolasi davrida senzura vakili 1 mạch naqd tangalar uchun yozuvlar yaratish uchun tuzilgan hukumat komissiyasi a'zosi bo'lib ishlagan[2].
Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party
- Control Yuan (Republic of China)
- National Supervisory Commission (People's Republic of China)
- Three Departments and Six Ministries (Imperial China)
- Department of Chancellery
- Ministry of Personnel
- Ministry of Justice (imperial China)
Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Iqtiboslar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- ↑ Hucker (1958)
- ↑ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里). „The Confucian Message on Vietnamese Coins, A closer look at the Nguyễn dynasty's large coins with moral maxims », Numismatic Chronicle, 2011, pp. 367-406.“ (en). Academia.edu (2011). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 22-avgust.
Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- Hucker, Charles O. (December 1958). "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute) 21: 1–66. doi:10.2307/2718619. https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1958-12_21/page/1.
- Li, Konghuai. History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China (zh). Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 2007. ISBN 978-962-04-2654-4.
- Lu, Simian. The General History of China (zh). New World Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-7-80228-569-9.
- Wang, Yü-Ch'üan (June 1949). "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute) 12 (1/2): 134–187. doi:10.2307/2718206.