Xitoylashtirish

Xitoylashtirish ( kit. savdo. mín , masalan. pinyin , pinyin Hànhuà , pall. Xanxua ) - xitoylik bo‘lmagan xalqlar orasida Xitoy madaniyati yoki uning alohida jihatlarini yoyish jarayoni. Hozirgi Xitoy hududida yashovchi ko‘plab xalqlar (masalan, dinlinlar, singnular ) siniklashuv jarayonida o‘zlarining asl madaniyati va tilini yo‘qotib, o‘zlarini xitoylar bilan birlashtira boshladilar. Yaponiya, Koreya, Vetnam Xitoyga qo‘shni hisoblanadi. Oxirgi ikki davlat hududlarining bir qismi turli vaqtlarda Xitoy imperiyasining bir qismi bo‘lgan. Xan-Kojoseon urushi, Xitoyning Vet davlatini birinchi bosib olishi va boshqalar shular jumlasidandir. Bu davlatlar Xitoy madaniyatining ko‘plab jihatlarini qabul qildi: iyeroglif yozuvi, konfutsiylik, daosizm,xronologiya, shuningdek lug‘atning muhim qismilarini ham.

Integratsiya

Integratsiya yoki assimilyatsiya siyosati - aholi o‘rtasida xitoylik o‘zligini mustahkamlashga qaratilgan millatchilikning bir turi. Integratsiya umumiy qadriyatlarni rivojlantirishga yordam beradi. Mamlakat fuqarosi ekanligidan faxrlanish, Xitoy fuqarolari o‘rtasida madaniy farqlarni hurmat qilish va e'tirof etishni rivojlantirishga yordam beradi. Tanqidchilar integratsiya etnik, til va madaniy xilma-xillikni yo‘q qilishini ta'kidlaydilar. Shimoliy Amerikaga o‘xshab, tub joy amerikaliklar va alohida etnik guruhlarning taxminan 300 tili mavjud; Xitoyda mintaqaning tub aholisi gapiradigan 292 ta xitoy tilidan tashqari tillar mavjud. Khmer, portugal, ingliz va boshqalar kabi bir qator immigrant tillari ham mavjud.

Sinikizatsiyaning tarixiy misollari

Avstroneziya xalqlari

Sinitizatsiyadan oldin, Xitoyning xitoylik bo‘lmagan mahalliy xalqlari, ya'ni xitoylar tomonidan birgalikda Bayyuye deb atalgan va Xitoyning qirg‘oq chizig‘ida shimoldan Yangszi daryosigacha va janubdan Tonkin ko‘rfaziga qadar yashashgan. Inson qoldiqlaridan olingan DNK tahlili Lianchju madaniyatida O1 haplogrupining yuqori chastotasini ko‘rsatadi va ushbu madaniyatni zamonaviy avstroneziya aholisi bilan bog‘laydi. Lyanchju madaniyati Tayvan va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga tarqalgunga qadar Proto-Avstroneziya aholisining ajdodlari vatani bo‘lgan deb ishonishgan. Vaqt o‘tishi bilan esa Xan janubining janubga kengayishi, Yangszi vodiysida yoki Yangszi ko‘rfazidan Tonkin ko‘rfazigacha bo‘lgan qirg‘oq hududlarida bo‘lishi, Janubiy Xitoyda qolgan Bayyuye aholisining ko‘pchiligining qirilib ketishiga olib keldi. Bu xalqlarning to‘liq sinisizlashtirilmagan qoldiqlari hozirda rasman XXRning etnik ozchiliklari sifatida tan olingan.

Turkiy xalqlar

Xunan shtatining Taoyuan okrugiga ko‘chib kelgan uyg‘urlarning avlodlari asosan Xan va Xuy aholisiga singib ketgan,shuningdek Xitoy urf-odatlariga amal qilgan hamda ularning tili sifatida mandarin tilida gaplashgan.

Tang imperiyasi

Tang sulolasi davrida 8-9-asrlarda xitoylik erkak askarlar Guychjouga koʻchib oʻtgan va mahalliy xitoylik boʻlmagan ayollarga uylangan shu bilan birga ularning avlodlari Guychjouni mustamlaka qilgan yangi xitoylardan farqli ravishda Lao-xan-ren (xitoycha nomi) nomi bilan tanilgan. Ular hali ham 1929-yildan beri arxaik lahjada gaplashganlar.^[1] Guychjouga kelgan ko'plab muhojirlar garnizonlarda xitoylik bo'lmagan ayollarga uylangan bu askarlarning avlodi.^[2]

Yuan imperiyasi

Mo‘g‘ul Yuan sulolasi buxorolik musulmon Ajall Shams al-Din Umarni Bay Dali Bay qirolligini zabt etgandan keyin Yunnan hukmdori etib tayinladi. Keyin Sayyid Ajall o‘z hukmronligi davrida Yunnanda xon bo‘lmagan xitoy xalqlarini siniklashtirish va konfutsiylashtirishni ilgari surdi. Sayyid Ajall zamonaviy Kunming joylashgan "Chjungjing Cheng" deb nomlangan "xitoycha uslubdagi" shaharga asos solgan. U shaharda Buddistlar ibodatxonasi, Konfutsiylar ibodatxonasi va ikkita masjid qurishni buyurdi. Konfutsiylikni himoya qilish uning siyosatining bir qismi bo‘lgan. 1274-yilda Sayyid Ajall tomonidan qurilgan, u ham maktabga aylangan Yunnandagi birinchi Konfutsiy ibodatxonasi hisoblangan.

Konfutsiylik ham, Islom ham Sayyid Ajall tomonidan Yunnanda bo‘lgan davrida o‘zining “sivilizatsiya missiyasi”da targ‘ib qilingan. Sayyid Ajall Yunnanni "qoloq va vahshiy" deb hisoblagan va bu hududni "sivilizatsiya qilish" uchun konfutsiylik, islom va buddizmdan foydalangan.

Yunnanda islom dinining keng tarqalishi Sayyid Ajall ijodi bilan bog‘liqligi to‘g‘risida.^[3]

Sayyid Ajall birinchilardan bo‘lib Yunnanga islomni olib kirdi. U konfutsiylik va islomni targ‘ib qildi, Konfutsiy masjidlari va ibodatxonalari qurilishiga hissa qo'shdi.^[4] Sayyid Ajall Yunnanga konfutsiy ta’limini ham kiritdi.^[5]^[6] Bu "orangutanlar va jallodlar bir shoxli va feniksga aylanadi, ularning kigizlari va mo'ynalari ko'ylaklar va shlyapalarga almashtiriladi" deb ta'riflangan va Konfutsiy tadqiqotlari mintaqaviy boshlig'i Xe Xunzuo tomonidan maqtovga sazovor ham bo'lgan.^[7]

Shams ad-Din Yunnanda ko'plab konfutsiy ibodatxonalarini qurdi va konfutsiylarning shakllanishiga yordam berdi. U xitoyliklar orasida Yunnan provinsiyasini tahqirlashga yordam bergani bilan ham juda mashhur.^[8] U Yunnan shahrida ham bir qancha masjidlar qurdirgan. Sayyid Ajall, shuningdek, Yunnanga Konfutsiy urf-odatlari va urf-odatlari bilan tanishtirdi^[9], jumladan, Xitoy ijtimoiy tuzilmalari, Xitoyning dafn marosimlari va Xitoy nikoh odatlari .^[10]^[11]

Sayyid Ajallning Yunnanda konfutsiylik va ta'limni targ‘ib qilish siyosatidan maqsad mahalliy “varvarlar”ni “madaniylashtirish” edi. sichuanskimi[en] olimlari tomonidan yangi tashkil etilgan maktablarda o‘quvchilarga konfutsiy marosimlari o‘rgatilgan va Konfutsiy ibodatxonalari qurilgan. Sayyid Ajall Yunnan aholisiga to‘ylar, sovchilar, dafn marosimlari, ajdodlarga sig‘inish va ta'zim qilish kabi konfutsiy marosimlarini o‘rgatgan. Mahalliy boshliqlarning "varvar" kiyimlari Sayyid Ajall tomonidan sovg‘a qilingan kiyimlar bilan almashtirilganligi haqida ham ma'lumotlar bor.^[12]^[13]

Manba

↑ (English) Scottish Geographical Society. Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46. Royal Scottish Geographical Society., 1929 — 70-bet.
↑ (English) Margaret Portia Mickey. The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1. The Museum, 1947 — 6-bet.
↑ M. Th Houtsma. First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. BRILL, 1993 — 847-bet. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. . — «Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi : he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.».
↑ (Original from the University of Virginia) Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah. Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8. The Institute, 1986 — 385-bet. . — «certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools».
↑ Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press, 2001 — 116-bet. ISBN 019979880X.
↑ „Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn“. www.china.org.cn. 2014-yil 2-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 16-avgust.
↑ Thant Myint-U. Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4668-0127-1. . — «claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...».^{Ошибка^?: некорректно задана дата установки}
↑ Michael Dillon. China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999 — 23-bet. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
↑ In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Andoza:Нп3, 1993 — 476-bet. ISBN 3447033398.
↑ „Sayyed ajall“. Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica (2011-yil 29-iyun). 2012-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 17-noyabr.
↑ In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Andoza:Нп3, 1993 — 477-bet. ISBN 3447033398.
↑ Yang, Bin „Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese“, . Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0231142540. ^{Ошибка^?: некорректно задана дата установки}
↑ Yang, Bin. Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). Columbia University Press, 2009 — 157-bet. ISBN 978-0231142540.

[1] (English) Scottish Geographical Society. Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46. Royal Scottish Geographical Society., 1929 — 70-bet.

[2] (English) Margaret Portia Mickey. The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1. The Museum, 1947 — 6-bet.

[3] M. Th Houtsma. First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. BRILL, 1993 — 847-bet. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. . — «Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi : he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.».

[4] (Original from the University of Virginia) Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah. Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8. The Institute, 1986 — 385-bet. . — «certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools».

[Silk_Road_p116-5] Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press, 2001 — 116-bet. ISBN 019979880X.

[6] „Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn“. www.china.org.cn. 2014-yil 2-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 16-avgust.

[7] Thant Myint-U. Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4668-0127-1. . — «claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...».^{Ошибка^?: некорректно задана дата установки}

[8] Michael Dillon. China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999 — 23-bet. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.

[9] In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Andoza:Нп3, 1993 — 476-bet. ISBN 3447033398.

[SAYYED_AJALL-10] „Sayyed ajall“. Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica (2011-yil 29-iyun). 2012-yil 17-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 17-noyabr.

[11] In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Andoza:Нп3, 1993 — 477-bet. ISBN 3447033398.

[Yang_2008-12] Yang, Bin „Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese“, . Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0231142540. ^{Ошибка^?: некорректно задана дата установки}

[13] Yang, Bin. Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). Columbia University Press, 2009 — 157-bet. ISBN 978-0231142540.

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