Yumshoq kuch
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| Asl nomi | Yumshoq kuch |
|---|---|
| Muallif(lar) | Jozef ney |
| Mamlakat | Britaniya |
| Til | inglizcha |
| Janr(lar)i | siyosat |
| Nashr etilgan sanasi | 2004 |
| Oʻzbek tilida nashr etilgan sanasi | 2022 |
Yumshoq kuch (Inglizcha soft power; eng keng tarqalgan tarjimasi "yumshoq kuch", garchi bu atama muallifi 1980-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida uni kiritgan J. Nay [1] birinchi navbatda "yumshoq kuch" degan ma'noni anglatadi[1]) - siyosiy hokimiyatning bir shakli Bu majburlashni o'z ichiga olgan "qattiq kuch"dan farqli o'laroq, kimningdir ixtiyoriy ishtirok etish, yoqtirish va jozibadorlik asosida kimdandir kerakli natijalarni olish qobiliyatini o'z ichiga oladi[2].
Bu atamani kiritgan amerikalik siyosatshunos Jozef Nayning fikricha[3], mamlakat tili va madaniyati xalqaro munosabatlarda asosiy rol o‘ynaydigan, jahon siyosati va biznes aloqalariga bevosita yoki bilvosita ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi “yumshoq kuch”dir[4].
Terminning kelib chiqishi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]“Yumshoq kuch” atamasini birinchi marta Garvard universiteti professori Jozef Nay o‘zining 1990-yilda chop etilgan “Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power[5]” kitobida kiritgan. Keyinchalik, u ushbu kontseptsiyani 2004 yilda "Yumshoq kuch: Jahon siyosatida muvaffaqiyatga erishish vositalari" kitobida va "Yumshoq kuch va AQSh-Yevropa munosabatlari" maqolasida ishlab chiqdi .
“Yumshoq kuch” tushunchasining o‘tmishdoshlaridan biri “madaniy-mafkuraviy gegemoniya” tushunchasi bo‘lib, italyan faylasufi Antonio Gramsci tomonidan 1930-yillarda Qamoqxona daftarlarida ishlab chiqilgan. Gʻarbiy Yevropa va Amerika neokonservatorlari orasida keng tarqaldi[6]. O'z kuchini o'rnatish uchun "yumshoq kuch" dan foydalanish g'oyasi miloddan avvalgi 7-asrda yashagan Lao Tzu kabi qadimgi Xitoy faylasuflariga borib taqaladi. Uning so'zlariga ega: "Dunyoda suvdan zaif va yumshoqroq narsa yo'q, lekin u eng qattiq jismni yo'q qila oladi"[7]
Rus tilida bu atamaning eng keng tarqalgan sinonimi "knut" dan farqli ravishda "gingerbread" dir, ammo u hokimiyatni o'rnatish uchun madaniy va demokratik qadriyatlardan foydalanish kontekstida ishlatilmaydi.
Aytish joizki, "yumshoq kuch" nazariy konstruktsiyadir. Bunday kuchni amalda tatbiq etish vositasi xalq diplomatiyasi deb ataladi[8].
Tanqid
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Yumshoq kuch tushunchasi Neil Fergyuson kabi mualliflar tomonidan “Koloss”ning so‘zboshisida samarasiz deb tanqid qilingan. Uning fikricha, xalqaro munosabatlar sub'ektlari rag'batlantirishning faqat ikki turiga - iqtisodiy va harbiy sanksiyalarga javob berishi kerak[9].
Ko'pincha yumshoq kuch va boshqa omillar ta'sirini farqlash qiyin. Misol uchun, Janice Bially Matternning ta'kidlashicha, Jorj Bushning "siz biz bilan yoki bizga qarshi" iborasini qo'llashi yumshoq kuch mashqlari edi, chunki ochiq tahdid yo'q edi. Biroq, ba'zi mualliflar buni "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tahdid" deb bilishadi, chunki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri iqtisodiy yoki harbiy sanksiyalar "bizga qarshi" iborasidan kelib chiqadi[10].
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Nye, Joseph (8 May 2012). "China's Soft Power Deficit To catch up, its politics must unleash the many talents of its civil society". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ↑ "soft power". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "S. Boonyapratuang Mil. Control in S.E. Asia iii. 72 Musjawarah (decision by discussion) and 'soft power' became the stances of his control."
- ↑ Mattern, Janice Bially (2005). "Why 'Soft Power' Isn't So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 33 (3): 583–612.
- ↑ Eliküçük Yıldırım, Nilgün; Aslan, Mesut (2020). "China's Charm Defensive: Image Protection by Acquiring Mass Entertainment". Pacific Focus. 35 (1): 141–171. doi:10.1111/pafo.12153.
- ↑ "Economic warfare on the silver screen". FRANCE 24. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ↑ Fluck, Winfried (2009). "The Americanization of Modern Culture: A Cultural History of the Popular Media*" (PDF). John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Berlin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ↑ Friedberg, Aaron L. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia, New York: Norton Publishing, 2011..
- ↑ Friedberg, Aaron L. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia, New York: Norton Publishing, 2011. p. 200
- ↑ Lord, Carnes, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power,"in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008) p. 60.
- ↑ {http://smartpowerjournal.ru/soft-power/}[sayt ishlamaydi]