Korxona resurslarini rejalashtirish (ERP)
Korxona resurslarini rejalashtirish (ERP) – bu asosiy biznes jarayonlarini birlashtirilgan holda boshqarish boʻlib, koʻpincha real vaqt rejimida dasturiy taʼminot va texnologiyalar yordamida amalga oshiriladi. ERP odatda biznes boshqaruvi dasturlarining bir toifasi sifatida tanilgan boʻlib, tashkilot koʻplab biznes faoliyatlaridan maʼlumotlarni yigʻish, saqlash, boshqarish va tahlil qilish uchun foydalanishi mumkin boʻlgan turli xil dasturlardan iborat majmua hisoblanadi. ERP tizimlari mahalliy yoki bulutli asosda boʻlishi mumkin. Soʻnggi yillarda bulutli dasturlar internetga ulanish imkoniyati boʻlgan har qanday joydan maʼlumotlarning osongina mavjud boʻlishidan kelib chiqqan holda samaradorlikning oshishi tufayli ommalashdi.
ERP umumiy maʼlumotlar bazalari yordamida asosiy biznes jarayonlarining integratsiyalashgan va doimiy yangilanadigan koʻrinishini taqdim etadi. ERP tizimlari biznes resurslarini (naqd pul, xomashyo, ishlab chiqarish quvvati) va biznes majburiyatlarining holatini (buyurtmalar, xarid buyurtmalari, ish haqi) kuzatib boradi. Tizimni tashkil etuvchi dasturlar turli boʻlimlar (ishlab chiqarish, xarid qilish, savdo, buxgalteriya va boshqalar) oʻrtasida maʼlumotlarni almashadi[1]. ERP barcha biznes funksiyalari oʻrtasida axborot oqimini taʼminlaydi va tashqi tomonlar bilan aloqalarni boshqaradi[2].
Gartner maʼlumotlariga koʻra, global ERP bozorining hajmi 2021 yilda 35 milliard dollar deb baholangan[3][4]. Dastlabki ERP tizimlari katta korxonalarga qaratilgan boʻlsa-da, kichik korxonalar ham tobora koʻproq ERP tizimlaridan foydalanmoqda[5].
ERP tizimi turli tashkilot tizimlarini birlashtiradi va xatoliksiz tranzaktsiyalar va ishlab chiqarishni osonlashtiradi, shu bilan tashkilotning samaradorligini oshiradi. Biroq, ERP tizimini rivojlantirish anʼanaviy tizim rivojlanishidan farq qiladi[6]. ERP tizimlari odatda maʼlumotlar bazasi sifatida maʼlumotlar omborini ishlatadigan turli xil kompyuter texnikasi va tarmoq konfiguratsiyalarida ishlaydi[7].
Kelib chiqishi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Gartner Group 1990-yillarda[8][9] ERP qisqartmasini birinchi marta ishlatgan boʻlib, materiallar talablarini rejalashtirish (MRP) va keyinchalik ishlab chiqarish resurslarini rejalashtirish (MRP II)[10][11] hamda kompyuterga integratsiyalashgan ishlab chiqarish imkoniyatlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Ushbu atamalarni almashtirmasdan, ERP ishlab chiqarishdan tashqarida ilovalarni integratsiyalashuvining evolyutsiyasini aks ettiradigan keng qamrovli tushuncha boʻldi[12].
Barcha ERP paketlari ishlab chiqarish yadrosidan kelib chiqmagan; ERP yetkazib beruvchilari oʻz paketlarini turli moliya va hisob, texnik xizmat va inson resurslari komponentlari bilan toʻplashni boshladilar. 1990-yillarning oʻrtalariga kelib, ERP tizimlari barcha asosiy korxona funksiyalarini qamrab oldi. Hukumat va notijorat tashkilotlar ham ERP tizimlaridan foydalanishni boshladilar[13]. ERP tizimini tanlash metodologiyasi – bu korxona resurslarini rejalashtirish (ERP) tizimini tanlashning rasmiy jarayoni. Mavjud metodologiyalar orasida: Kuiper’s funnel usuli, Dobrinning uch oʻlchovli (3D) veb-asosidagi qarorlarni qoʻllab-quvvatlash vositasi va Clarkston Potomac metodologiyasi kiradi[14].
Kengayish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlari 1990-yillarda tez oʻsishni boshdan kechirdi. 2000 yil muammosi tufayli koʻplab kompaniyalar eski tizimlarini ERP bilan almashtirish imkoniyatidan foydalangan[15].
ERP tizimlari dastlab mijozlar va jamoatchilikka bevosita taʼsir koʻrsatmaydigan orqa ofis funksiyalarini avtomatlashtirishga qaratilgan edi. Mijozlar bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish (CRM) kabi old ofis funksiyalari bevosita mijozlar bilan ishladi yoki elektron biznes tizimlari, masalan, elektron tijorat va elektron hukumat yoki yetkazib beruvchi bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish (SRM) internet tashqi tomonlar bilan muloqotni osonlashtirganidan keyin integratsiyalashdi[16].
„ERP II“ atamasi 2000 yilda Gartner Publications tomonidan chop etilgan „ERP Is Dead—Long Live ERP II“ maqolasida kiritilgan[17][18]. Bu xodimlar va sheriklar (masalan, yetkazib beruvchilar va mijozlar) uchun ERP tizimlariga real vaqt rejimida kirishni taʼminlaydigan veb-ga asoslangan dasturiy taʼminotni tasvirlaydi. ERP II roli anʼanaviy ERP resurslarini optimallashtirish va tranzaktsiyalarni qayta ishlashdan kengaydi. Faqat sotib olish, sotish va boshqalarni boshqarish oʻrniga, ERP II oʻz boshqaruvi ostidagi resurslardagi maʼlumotlardan foydalanib, korxonaning boshqa korxonalar bilan hamkorlik qilishiga yordam beradi[19]. ERP II birinchi avlod ERP’dan koʻra moslashuvchanroq. ERP tizimining imkoniyatlarini tashkilot ichida cheklash oʻrniga, u korporativ cheklovlarni olib tashlab, boshqa tizimlar bilan muloqot qilishni oʻz ichiga oladi. Korxona ilovalar toʻplami bu kabi tizimlar uchun alternativ nomdir. ERP II tizimlari odatda taʼminot zanjiri boshqaruvi (SCM), mijozlar bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish (CRM) va biznes intellekti (BI) kabi hamkorlik tashabbuslarini qoʻllab-quvvatlash uchun turli elektron biznes texnologiyalaridan foydalanadi[20][21]. Kompaniyalarning katta qismi ERP kompaniyasini sotib olish oʻrniga ERP tizimida kuchli boshqaruv maqsadlarini amalga oshirishga intilmoqda[22].
Ishlab chiquvchilar hozirda ERP tizimiga mobil qurilmalarni integratsiyalashga koʻproq eʼtibor berishadi. ERP yetkazib beruvchilari ERP’ni ushbu qurilmalarga, shuningdek boshqa biznes ilovalariga kengaytirmoqda, shunda bizneslar uchinchi tomon ilovalariga tayanishi shart emas[23]. Masalan, Shopify elektron tijorat platformasi 2021 yil oktyabr oyida Microsoft va Oracleʼdan ERP vositalarini oʻz ilovasida mavjud qilish imkoniyatiga ega boʻldi[23].
Zamonaviy ERP texnik xavflari integratsiyaga (apparat, ilovalar, tarmoqlar, taʼminot zanjirlari) qaratilgan. ERP endi koʻproq funksiyalarni va rollarni qamrab oladi, jumladan qaror qabul qilish, manfaatdor tomonlar bilan munosabatlar, standartlashtirish, shaffoflik, globallashuv va boshqalar[24].
Xususiyatlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlari odatda quyidagi xususiyatlarga ega:
- Yagona tizim: ERP tizimi barcha boʻlimlar va jarayonlar uchun yagona platformani taʼminlaydi.
- Real vaqt rejimida ishlash: Tizim koʻp hollarda real vaqt rejimida ishlaydi.
- Umumiy maʼlumotlar bazasi: Barcha ilovalar uchun qoʻllab-quvvatlanadigan yagona maʼlumotlar bazasi mavjud.
- Modullar boʻyicha bir xil koʻrinish va sezgirlik: ERP tizimining barcha modullari bir xil koʻrinish va sezgiga ega.
- Oʻrnatish va integratsiya: Tizimni oʻrnatish Axborot texnologiyalari boʻlimi tomonidan murakkab ilovalar va maʼlumotlarni integratsiyalash orqali amalga oshiriladi, agar oʻrnatish kichik qadamlar bilan amalga oshirilmasa[25].
- Joylashtirish variantlari: Tizimni joylashtirish variantlari on-premises (korxonada), bulutda joylashgan yoki SaaS (dasturiy taʼminot sifatida xizmati) boʻlishi mumkin.
Funksional sohalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimi quyidagi umumiy funksional sohalarni qamrab oladi. Koʻpgina ERP tizimlarida ular ERP modullari sifatida ataladi va guruhlanadi:
- Moliyaviy hisob: Bosh hisob, asosiy aktivlar, toʻlovlar, voucher berish, muvofiqlashtirish va toʻlovlar, qarzdorliklar va yigʻishlar, naqd pulni boshqarish, moliyaviy mustahkamlanish.
- Boshqaruv hisobi: Byudjetlash, xarajatlarni hisoblash, xarajatlarni boshqarish, faoliyatga asoslangan hisob-kitob, hisob-kitob, shot-faktura (ixtiyoriy).
- Inson resurslari: Ishga qabul qilish, oʻqitish, ish rejalashtirish, ish haqi, imtiyozlar, pensiya va nafaqalar rejasi, xilma-xillikni boshqarish, pensiyaga chiqish, ajralish.
- Ishlab chiqarish: Muhandislik, materiallar roʻyxati, ish buyurtmalari, rejalashtirish, quvvat, ish jarayonini boshqarish, sifat nazorati, ishlab chiqarish jarayoni, ishlab chiqarish loyihalari, ishlab chiqarish oqimi, mahsulot hayot siklini boshqarish.
- Buyurtmalarni qayta ishlash: Buyurtma uchun naqd pul, buyurtma kiritish, kredit tekshiruvi, narxlash, mavjudlik vaʼdasi, inventarizatsiya, yuk tashish, savdo tahlili va hisobot berish, savdo komissiyalari.
- Taʼminot zanjirini boshqarish: Taʼminot zanjirini rejalashtirish, yetkazib beruvchi rejalashtirish, mahsulot konfiguratori, buyurtma uchun naqd pul, xarid qilish, inventarizatsiya, daʼvo ishlov berish, omborxona (qabul qilish, joylashtirish, yigʻish va qadoqlash).
- Loyihani boshqarish: Loyihani rejalashtirish, resurslarni rejalashtirish, loyiha xarajatlari, ishni taqsimlash tuzilishi, hisob-kitoblar, vaqt va xarajatlar, samaradorlik birliklari, faoliyatni boshqarish.
- Mijozlar bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish (CRM): Savdo va marketing, komissiyalar, xizmatlar, mijozlar bilan aloqa, call-markaz qoʻllab-quvvatlashi – CRM tizimlari har doim ham ERP tizimlarining bir qismi hisoblanmaydi, balki biznesni qoʻllab-quvvatlash tizimlari (BSS) hisoblanadi.
- Yetkazib beruvchi bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish (SRM): Yetkazib beruvchilar, buyurtmalar, toʻlovlar.
- Maʼlumotlar xizmatlari: Mijozlar, yetkazib beruvchilar yoki xodimlar uchun turli xil „oʻz-oʻziga xizmat“ interfeyslari.
- Maktablar va taʼlim muassasalarini boshqarish.
- Shartnoma boshqaruvi: Shartnomalarni yaratish, monitoring qilish va boshqarish, maʼmuriy yuklarni kamaytirish va huquqiy xavflarni minimallashtirish. Ushbu modullar koʻpincha shartnoma shablonlari, elektron imzo imkoniyatlari, shartnoma bosqichlari uchun avtomatik ogohlantirishlar va kengaytirilgan qidiruv funksiyalari kabi xususiyatlarga ega.
GRP – Hukumatda ERP’dan foydalanish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Hukumat resurslarini rejalashtirish (GRP) davlat sektori uchun ERP’ning ekvivalenti boʻlib, davlat organlari uchun birlashtirilgan ofis avtomatlashtirish tizimidir[26]. Dasturiy taʼminot tuzilishi, modullashtirish, asosiy algoritmlar va asosiy interfeyslar boshqa ERP’lardan farq qilmaydi va ERP dasturiy taʼminot yetkazib beruvchilari oʻz tizimlarini davlat idoralariga moslashtira oladilar[27][28][29].
Xususiy va davlat tashkilotlarida tizimni joriy qilish ish unumdorligini oshirish va tashkilotlarning umumiy ish faoliyatini yaxshilash uchun qabul qilinadi, lekin joriy qilish (xususiy va davlat)ning taqqoslanishi davlat sektorida ERP joriy qilish muvaffaqiyatiga taʼsir qiluvchi asosiy omillar madaniy ekanligini koʻrsatadi[30][31][32].
Eng yaxshi amaliyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Koʻpchilik ERP tizimlari eng yaxshi amaliyotlarni oʻz ichiga oladi. Bu dasturiy taʼminot yetkazib beruvchining har bir biznes jarayonini eng samarali bajarish boʻyicha talqinini aks ettiradi. Tizimlar mijozning ushbu amaliyotlarni qanchalik qulay oʻzgartirishi mumkinligiga qarab farq qiladi[33].
Eng yaxshi amaliyotlardan foydalanish IFRS, Sarbanes-Oxley yoki Basel II kabi talablar bilan muvofiqlikni osonlashtiradi. Ular shuningdek, elektron oʻzaro hisob-kitob (EFT) kabi faktik sanoat standartlariga muvofiq boʻlishga yordam beradi. Buning sababi, protsedura ERP dasturiy taʼminotida osongina kodlanishi va ushbu biznes talabini baham koʻradigan bir nechta korxonalar boʻylab ishonch bilan takrorlanishi mumkin[34][35].
Korxona maʼlumotlari bilan ulanish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlari turli yoʻllar bilan real vaqt maʼlumotlari va tranzaksiya maʼlumotlariga ulanadi. Ushbu tizimlar odatda jarayon, uskunalar va yetkazib beruvchi echimlari boʻyicha noyob bilimlarga ega tizim integratorlari tomonidan sozlanadi.
- Toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri integratsiya: ERP tizimlari oʻz mahsulot taklifining bir qismi sifatida zavod qavati uskunalari bilan aloqa qilish imkoniyatiga ega. Bu yetkazib beruvchilar mijozlari ishlatadigan zavod qavati uskunalari uchun maxsus qoʻllab-quvvatlashni taklif qilishni talab qiladi.
- Maʼlumotlar bazasi integratsiyasi: ERP tizimlari maʼlumotlar bazasidagi oʻrnatish jadvallari orqali zavod qavati maʼlumot manbalariga ulanadi. Zavod qavati tizimlari maʼlumotlar bazasiga zarur maʼlumotlarni joylashtiradi. ERP tizimi jadvaldagi maʼlumotlarni oʻqiydi. Oʻrnatishning afzalligi shundaki, ERP yetkazib beruvchilari uskunalarni integratsiyalashning murakkabliklarini oʻrganishlari shart emas. Ulanish tizim integratorining mas’uliyati boʻladi.
- Korxona qurilma tranzaksiya modullari (EATM): Ushbu qurilmalar zavod qavati uskunalari va ERP tizimi bilan ERP tizimi tomonidan qoʻllab-quvvatlanadigan usullar orqali aloqa qiladi. EATM oʻrnatish jadvalini, veb-xizmatlarni yoki tizimga xos dastur interfeyslarini (API) qoʻllashi mumkin. EATM tayyor mahsulot sifatida taklif etilishi bilan ajralib turadi.
- Moslashtirilgan integratsiya yechimlari – Koʻplab tizim integratorlari maxsus yechimlarni taklif qiladilar. Ushbu tizimlar dastlabki integratsiya xarajatlarining eng yuqori darajasiga ega boʻlishga moyildir va uzoq muddatli texnik xizmat koʻrsatish va ishonchlilik xarajatlari yuqori boʻlishi mumkin. Uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni ehtiyotkorlik bilan tizimni sinovdan oʻtkazish va batafsil hujjatlashtirish orqali minimallashtirish mumkin. Moslashtirilgan integratsiya yechimlari odatda ish stantsiyasi yoki kompyuter serverlarida ishlaydi.
Tatbiq qilinishi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlarini joriy etish odatda xodimlarning ish jarayonlari va amaliyotlarida sezilarli oʻzgarishlarni talab qiladi[36]. Umuman olganda, bunday oʻzgarishlarni amalga oshirishga yordam beradigan uchta xizmat turi mavjud: maslahat, moslashtirish va qoʻllab-quvvatlash[36]. Joriy etish vaqti biznesning kattaligi, modullar soni, moslashtirish darajasi, jarayon oʻzgarishlarining koʻlami va mijozning loyiha uchun javobgarlikni qabul qilishga tayyorligiga bogʻliq. Modul boʻlinishi mumkin boʻlgan ERP tizimlari bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Katta korxona uchun odatiy loyiha taxminan 14 oy davom etadi va taxminan 150 nafar maslahatchini talab qiladi[37]. Kichik loyihalar uchun bu bir necha oy talab qilishi mumkin; koʻp millatli va boshqa katta hajmli joriy etishlar esa yillar davom etishi mumkin[38][39]. Moslashtirish jarayonini sezilarli darajada oshirishi mumkin[37].
Bundan tashqari, axborotlarni qayta ishlash turli biznes funksiyalariga taʼsir qiladi. Masalan, Walmart kabi yirik kompaniyalar „vaqtida“ inventarizatsiya tizimidan foydalanadi. Bu inventarizatsiya saqlashni kamaytiradi va etkazib berish samaradorligini oshiradi, shuningdek, yangilangan maʼlumotlarni talab qiladi. 2014-yilgacha Walmart replenishmentni boshqarish uchun IBM tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Inforem tizimidan foydalangan[40].
Tayyorlargarlik jarayoni
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimini joriy etish odatda mavjud biznes jarayonlarida oʻzgarishlar talab qiladi.[41] Joriy etishdan oldin kerakli jarayon oʻzgarishlarini toʻliq tushunmaslik loyihaning muvaffaqiyatsizligining asosiy sababidir[42]. Qiyinchiliklar tizimga, biznes jarayoniga, infratuzilma, trening yoki motivatsiyaning etishmasligiga bogʻliq boʻlishi mumkin.
Shuning uchun tashkilotlar ERP dasturini ishga tushirishdan oldin jarayonlarni batafsil tahlil qilishlari muhimdir. Tahlil jarayonlarni modernizatsiya qilish imkoniyatlarini aniqlashga yordam beradi. Bu, shuningdek, hozirgi jarayonlarni ERP tizimi tomonidan taqdim etilgan jarayonlar bilan mosligini baholash imkonini beradi. Tadqiqotlar koʻrsatadiki, biznes jarayonlari mos kelmaslik xavfini kamaytirish quyidagilar orqali amalga oshiriladi:
- Joriy jarayonlarni tashkilot strategiyasiga bogʻlash
- Har bir jarayonning samaradorligini tahlil qilish
- Mavjud avtomatlashtirilgan yechimlarni tushunish[43][44]
ERP joriy etish markazlashmagan tashkilotlarda sezilarli darajada qiyinroq boʻladi, chunki ular koʻpincha turli jarayonlar, biznes qoidalari, maʼlumotlar semantikasi, vakolatlar iyerarxiyasi va qaror qabul qilish markazlariga ega[45]. Bu baʼzi biznes boʻlimlarini boshqalardan oldin migratsiya qilishni talab qilishi mumkin, har bir boʻlim uchun zarur oʻzgarishlarni amalga oshirish uchun joriy etishni kechiktirish, ehtimol, integratsiyani kamaytirish yoki maxsus ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun tizimni sozlashni talab qilishi mumkin.[46]
Standart jarayonlarni qabul qilish raqobat afzalliklarini yoʻqotishga olib kelishi mumkin boʻlgan salbiy tomoni mavjud. Garchi bu sodir boʻlgan boʻlsa-da, bir sohadagi yoʻqotishlar koʻpincha boshqa sohalarda yutuqlar bilan qoplanadi va umumiy raqobat afzalligini oshiradi[47][48].
Konfiguratsiya
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimini sozlash koʻp jihatdan tashkilot tizimning qanday ishlashini xohlashiga va tizimning qolipdan chiqishi bilan qanday ishlashiga moslashish masalasidir. ERP tizimlari odatda tizim operatsiyalarini oʻzgartiradigan koʻplab sozlash variantlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Masalan, ServiceNow platformasida yangi bajarilgan xavfni baholash doirasida biznes egasining imzosini talab qiladigan biznes qoidalari yozilishi mumkin. Ushbu vosita avtomatik ravishda biznes egasiga xabar yuborish uchun sozlanishi va egasining javoblariga yoki javob bermasligiga qarab, xavfni baholashni jarayonning turli bosqichlariga oʻtkazishi mumkin.
Ikki bosqichli korxona resurslarini rejalashtirish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Ikki darajali ERP dasturiy va apparat vositalari kompaniyalarga bir vaqtning oʻzida ikkita ERP tizimidan foydalanish imkonini beradi: biri korporativ darajada va biri boʻlinma yoki shoʻba korxonalar darajasida. Masalan, ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya mustaqil global yoki mintaqaviy taqsimot, ishlab chiqarish yoki sotuv markazlari va asosiy kompaniyaning mijozlarini qoʻllab-quvvatlaydigan xizmat koʻrsatuvchi provayderlardan foydalanib, tashkilot boʻylab boshqarish uchun ERP tizimidan foydalanishi mumkin. Har bir mustaqil markaz (yoki) shoʻba korxonasi oʻz biznes operatsiyalari davrlari, ish jarayonlari va biznes jarayonlariga ega boʻlishi mumkin.
Globallashuv haqiqatlarini hisobga olgan holda, korxonalar strategik maqsadlarni qoʻllab-quvvatlash va bozorga chiqarish vaqtini qisqartirish bilan birga daromadlilikni oshirish va qiymatni yetkazib berishni oshirish uchun mintaqaviy, boʻlinma va mahsulot yoki ishlab chiqarish strategiyalarini qanday optimallashtirishni doimiy ravishda baholaydilar[49]. Ikki darajali ERP bilan, mintaqaviy taqsimot, ishlab chiqarish yoki savdo markazlari va xizmat koʻrsatuvchi provayderlar oʻzlarining ERP tizimlaridan foydalanib, asosiy kompaniyaning jarayonlari va ish jarayonlariga bogʻliq boʻlmasdan oʻz biznes modeliga muvofiq ishlashda davom etadilar. Ushbu kichik kompaniyalar jarayonlari va ish jarayonlari asosiy kompaniyaning jarayonlari va ish jarayonlariga bogʻliq emasligi sababli, ular koʻplab joylarda mahalliy biznes talablariga javob bera oladi[50].
Ikki darajali ERP tizimlarini korxonalar tomonidan qabul qilinishiga taʼsir qiluvchi omillar quyidagilardir:
- Ishlab chiqarish globallashuvi, rivojlanayotgan iqtisodiyotlarda manbalarni jalb qilishning iqtisodiyoti
- Kichik kompaniyalarga koʻproq mos keladigan dasturlarni tanlash asosida shoʻba korxonalarida ERP joriy etishning tezroq va arzonroq boʻlishi mumkinligi
- Maʼlumotlar ikkita ERP tizimi [51]oʻrtasida oʻtishi kerak boʻlganda qoʻshimcha saʼy-harakatlar (koʻpincha korporativ ilovalar integratsiyasi bilan bogʻliq) talab qilinadi. Ikki darajali ERP strategiyalari korxonalarga bozor talablariga javob berishda va IT tizimlarini korporativ darajada moslashtirishda moslashuvchanlikni taqdim etadi[52].
Moslashtirish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlari nazariy jihatdan sohaning eng yaxshi amaliyotlariga asoslangan boʻlib, ularning ishlab chiqaruvchilari tashkilotlar ularni „tayyor“ holatda joriy etishini nazarda tutishadi[53][54]. ERP sotuvchilari mijozlarga oʻzlarining biznes qoidalarini qoʻshishga imkon beradigan konfiguratsiya imkoniyatlarini taqdim etadilar, lekin konfiguratsiya tugagandan keyin ham funksiyalar boʻyicha boʻshliqlar qolishi mumkin.
ERP mijozlari funksional boʻshliqlarni toʻldirish uchun bir nechta variantga ega, ularning har biri oʻzining afzalliklari va kamchiliklariga ega. Texnik yechimlar yetkazib berilgan dasturiy taʼminotning bir qismini qayta yozishni, ERP tizimi doirasida ishlash uchun oʻz ishlab chiqilgan modulni yozishni yoki tashqi tizim bilan interfeysni oʻz ichiga oladi. Ushbu uch variant tizimni moslashtirishning turli darajalarini tashkil etadi, birinchisi eng invaziv va texnik xizmat koʻrsatish uchun qimmat boʻladi[55]. Shu bilan birga, biznes amaliyotlari yoki tashkiliy siyosatni etkazib berilgan ERP xususiyatlar toʻplamiga yaxshiroq moslashtirish uchun oʻzgartirish kabi texnik boʻlmagan variantlar mavjud. Moslashtirish va konfiguratsiya oʻrtasidagi asosiy farqlar quyidagilardan iborat:
- Moslashtirish har doim ixtiyoriy boʻlib, dasturdan foydalanishdan oldin u doimo konfiguratsiya qilinishi kerak (masalan, xarajat/foyda markazi tuzilmalari, tashkiliy daraxtlar, xaridlarni tasdiqlash qoidalari va boshqalarni sozlash).
- Dasturiy taʼminot turli konfiguratsiyalarni boshqarishga moʻljallangan va har qanday ruxsat etilgan konfiguratsiyada oldindan aytib boʻladi.
- Konfiguratsiya oʻzgarishlarining tizim xatti-harakati va unumdorligiga taʼsiri oldindan taxmin qilish mumkin va ERP sotuvchisining javobgarligi hisoblanadi. Moslashtirish taʼsiri kamroq oldindan taxmin qilinadi. Bu mijozning javobgarligi va sinov talablari oshiradi.
- Konfiguratsiya oʻzgarishlari yangi dasturiy taʼminot versiyalariga yangilanishlarni saqlaydi. Baʼzi moslashtirishlar (masalan, maʼlumotlarni koʻrsatishdan oldin/soʻngra chaqiriladigan oldindan belgilangan „hook“lardan foydalanadigan kod) yangilanishlardan omon qoladi, ammo ularni qayta sinovdan oʻtkazish talab qilinadi. Boshqa moslashtirishlar (masalan, asosiy maʼlumotlar tuzilmalariga oʻzgartirishlar kiritish bilan bogʻliq) yangilanishlar paytida yoziladi va qayta amalga oshirilishi kerak[56].
Moslashtirishning afzalliklari quyidagilarni oʻz ichiga oladi:
- Foydalanuvchilarning qabul qilishini yaxshilash[57]
- Faqat standart xususiyatlardan foydalanadigan kompaniyalarga nisbatan raqobat afzalligini qoʻlga kiritish imkoniyati
Moslashtirishning kamchiliklari quyidagilarni oʻz ichiga oladi:
- Amalga oshirish va texnik xizmat koʻrsatish uchun talab qilinadigan vaqt va resurslarni oshirish[55][58]
- Tizimlar oʻrtasidagi farqlar tufayli etkazib beruvchilar va mijozlar oʻrtasidagi muammosiz interfeys/integratsiyani qiyinlashtirishi mumkin[58]
- Kelajakda ERP dasturiy taʼminotini yangilash qobiliyatini cheklash[58]
- Standartlashtirilgan dasturiy taʼminot platformasi sifatida ERP tamoyillarini buzadigan moslashtirishga haddan tashqari bogʻliqlikni yaratish
Kengaytmalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]ERP tizimlari uchinchi tomon dasturiy taʼminotlari bilan kengaytirilishi mumkin, koʻpincha sotuvchi tomonidan taqdim etilgan interfeyslar orqali[59][60]. Kengaytmalar quyidagi xususiyatlarni taqdim etadi[60]:
- Mahsulot maʼlumotlarini boshqarish
- Mahsulot hayot tsiklini boshqarish
- Mijozlar bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish
- Maʼlumotlarni qazib olish
- Elektron sotib olish
ERP Tizimlarining Foydalari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Moslashuvchanlik va moslashish qobiliyati: ERP tizimlari kompaniyalarga oʻzgarishlarga moslashish va yanada uygʻun ishlashga yordam beradi, ichki va tashqi biznes funktsiyalarini yaxshilaydi[61].
- Maʼlumotlar xavfsizligi: Yopiq muhitda ERP tizimlari umumiy nazorat tizimini taqdim etish orqali maʼlumotlar xavfsizligini oshiradi[62].
- Hamkorlik imkoniyatlarini oshirish: ERP tizimlari hujjatlar, fayllar, shakllar, audio va video, elektron pochta kabi koʻplab formatlarda maʼlumotlarni boshqarish imkonini beradi. Bu platforma xodimlarga turli formatlardagi tizimlarda aloqa qilish oʻrniga, kontent ustida koʻproq vaqt hamkorlik qilish imkonini beradi[60].
- Standartlashtirish va integratsiya: ERP tizimlari umumiy jarayonlarni standartlashtirish, bitta integratsiyalangan tizim, standartlashtirilgan hisobot, yaxshilangan asosiy koʻrsatkichlar (KPI) va umumiy maʼlumotlarga kirish kabi koʻplab foydalar taklif etadi. ERP tizimlari HR, rejalashtirish, xarid qilish, savdo, mijozlar bilan munosabatlar, moliya yoki tahlil kabi barcha asosiy korxona funktsiyalari bilan kuchli integratsiyani taʼminlaydigan markazlashtirilgan tizimdir[63].
- Yaxshilangan qaror qabul qilish qobiliyati: ERP tizimlari turli boʻlimlar va funktsiyalardan maʼlumotlarni yagona platformaga birlashtirib, qaror qabul qiluvchilarga real vaqtda koʻrish imkoniyatini beradi. Bu maʼlumotli va maʼlumotlarga asoslangan qarorlar qabul qilish jarayonlarini yaxshilaydi va biznes samaradorligini oshiradi[64].
ERP Tizimlarining Kamchiliklari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Moslashtirish muammoli boʻlishi mumkin : ERP tizimlari baʼzi tashkilotlar uchun minimal ehtiyojlarni qondirishda cheklovlarga ega boʻlishi mumkin[65].
- Biznes barayonlarini qayta ishlash: ERP tizimlariga moslashish uchun biznes jarayonlarini qayta koʻrib chiqish raqobatbardoshlikka zarar etkazishi yoki boshqa muhim faoliyatlardan eʼtiborni chalgʻitishi mumkin.
- Qimmat tizimlar: ERP tizimlari boshqa kamroq integratsiyalangan yoki kamroq keng qamrovli yechimlarga nisbatan koʻproq xarajat talab qilishi mumkin.
- Oʻqitish Talablari: ERP tizimlari uchun keng qamrovli oʻqitish talablari kundalik operatsiyalardan resurslarni olib qoʻyishi mumkin.
- Integratsiya Masalalari: Mamlakatlararo vaqt zonalari cheklovlari, stress, offshoring, oʻzgarishlarga qarshilik kabi qiyinchiliklar.
Qabul Qilish Darajalari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]2011 yilda chop etilgan tadqiqotga koʻra, ishlab chiqaruvchilar, chakana savdo va distribyutorlar oʻrtasida ERP tizimlariga „yuqori“ qiziqish va qabul qilish darajasi kuzatilgan. Soʻrov oʻtkazilgan kompaniyalarning 27% toʻliq ishlaydigan tizimga ega boʻlib, 12% tizimni joriy qilayotgan va 26% mavjud ERP tizimini kengaytirayotgan yoki yangilayotgan edi[66].
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Almajali, Dmaithan (2016). "Antecedents of ERP systems implementation success: a study on Jordanian healthcare sector". Journal of Enterprise Information Management 29 (4): 549–565. doi:10.1108/JEIM-03-2015-0024. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/31749.
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[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Vikiomborda Enterprise resource planning mavzusiga oid fayllar bor