Smolenskdagi aviahalokat

Smolensk havo halokati
Polsha havo kuchlarining 101 reysi
	; Tu-154 samolyotining halokat joyidagi qoldiqlari
Hodisa
Sana	10-aprel, 2010-yil
Joylashgan joy	Shimoliy Smolensk aeroporti yaqinida; Smolensk, Rossiya
Turi	Tupolev Tu-154M
Operator	36-maxsus aviatsiya polki, Polsha havo kuchlari
ICAO reys raqami.	PLF101
Qoʻngʻiroq belgisi	POLISH AIRFORCE 101
Roʻyxatdan oʻtish	101
Parvoz kelib chiqishi	Varshava Shopen aeroporti; Warsaw, Polsha
Manzil	Shimoliy Smolensk aeroporti; Smolensk, Rossiya
Yoʻlovchilar	96
Yoʻlovchilar	89
Ekipaj	7
Oʻlim holatlari	96
Omon qolganlar	0

2010-yilning 10-aprelida Polsha harbiy-havo kuchlarining 101-reysini amalga oshirayotgan Tupolev Tu-154 samolyoti Rossiyaning Smolensk shahri yaqinida qulab tushadi, samalyot bortidagi 96 kishining barchasi halok boʻladi. Qurbonlar orasida Polsha prezidenti Lex Kachinski va uning rafiqasi Maria Kaczyńska, Polshaning sobiq prezidenti Rishard Kachorovski, Polsha Bosh shtab boshligʻi va boshqa yuqori martabali Polsha harbiy ofitserlari, Polsha Milliy banki prezidenti, Polsha hukumati amaldorlari, Polsha parlamentining 18 nafar aʼzosi, Polsha ruhoniylarining yuqori martabali vakillari va Katin qatliomi qurbonlarining qarindoshlari boʻlgan. Samalyot Varshavadan Smolenskka tomon qirgʻinning 70 yilligiga bagʻishlab oʻtkazilinayotgan tadbirda qatnashish uchun ketayotgan boʻlgan.

Uchuvchilar Smolensk shimoliy aeroporti – sobiq harbiy aviabazaga qoʻnishga harakat qilishgan. Koʻrish masofasi 500 metrgacha qisqarganligi sababli samolyot uchish-qoʻnish yoʻlagi yaqinidagi oʻrmonli hududda daraxtlarga urilib, yerga qulab tushgan^[2].

Rossiya va Polsha rasmiy tekshiruvlari samolyotda texnik nosozliklarni aniqlamagan va ekipaj xalokatiga ob-havo sharoiti sabab boʻlmagan, degan xulosaga kelgan. Polsha hukumati harbiy havo kuchlari boʻlinmasini tashkil etish va tayyorlashda jiddiy kamchiliklarni aniqlanganligi sababli tarqatib yuborilgan. Polsha harbiylarining bir qancha yuqori martabali xodimlari siyosatchilar va ommaviy axborot vositalarining bosimidan soʻng isteʼfoga chiqarilgan.

Samolyot rossiyaliklar tomonidan siyosiy suiqasd sifatida ataylab urib tushirilgani, 2011-yilgi tergovlar yashirin boʻlgani va oʻsha paytdagi Polsha hukumati, birinchi navbatda, Fuqarolik platformasi tomonidan nazorat qilingani haqida turli xil fitna nazariyalari tarqaladi. Fuqarolik platformasi Lex Kachinskiyning Qonun va Adolat partiyasidan farqli oʻlaroq – bu fitnada ishtirok etgan yoki undan xabardor boʻlgan, yoki hech boʻlmaganda qotilni yashirish harakatlarida yordam berganligi aniqlangan^[3]. Ushbu fitna nazariyalari muntazam ravishda Qonun va Adolat partiyasi tomonidan, xususan, partiya rahbari Jarosław Kaczyński (Lex Kachinskining egizak ukasi) va partiya rahbari oʻrinbosari Antoni Macerevich tomonidan targʻib qilingan^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]. Macierewicz raisligida falokat boʻyicha yangi tergov harakatlari boshlanadi. Uning 2022-yilgi xulosasida rus fitnasi daʼvo qilingan edi^[8]^[9].

Tarixi

Parvoz maqsadi

Parvozning maqsadi Polshaning koʻplab yuqori martabali amaldorlarini Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Sovetlar tomonidan Polsha ziyolilari, siyosatchilari va harbiy ofitserlari ommaviy oʻldirilgan Katin qatliomining 70 yilligiga bagʻishlangan marosimlarga olib borish boʻlgan. Qotillik joyi Smolenskdan taxminan 19 km (12 milya) gʻarbda joylashgan. Hudud ancha uzoq boʻlib, yaqinida Smolenskdan boshqa shahar yoʻq. Hududda ikkita aeroport mavjud: voqea sodir boʻlgan Smolensk shimoliy aeroporti va Smolensk janubiy aeroporti.

Samalyot

Samolyot Polsha Harbiy-havo kuchlarining 36-maxsus aviatsiya polkiga tegishli (Siły Powietrzne) Tupolev Tu-154M samolyoti boʻlib, samalyot raqami – 101. 1990-yilda Kuybishev aviatsiya zavodida 90A837 raqami ostida yigʻilgan. Samalyot ilk bor 1990-yilning 21-iyunida parvoz qilgan. Tu-154Mning xizmat qilish muddati 25 yildan ortiq (= 30 000 soat yoki 15 000 siklga teng). Undagi uchta Solovyov D-30KU-154 dvigatellari 11 100 sikl yoki 24 000 soat vaqt xizmat koʻrsata olar edi^[10].

Manbalar

↑ Ranter, Harro „ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154M 101 Smolensk Air Base“. Aviation Safety Network (2010-yil 10-aprel). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 6-iyun.
↑ „Final Report from the examination of the aviation accident no 192/2010/11 involving the Tu-154M airplane, tail number 101, which occurred on April 10th, 2010 in the area of the SMOLENSK NORTH airfield“. Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents (2011-yil 29-iyul). 2012-yil 6-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 3-avgust.
↑ Tilles, Daniel „Polish court orders arrest of Russian air traffic controller over Smolensk crash“. Notes from Poland (2022-yil 20-may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-may.
↑ Day, Matthew. „Smolensk air disaster 'was caused by mystery explosion'“. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group (2014-yil 10-aprel). 2014-yil 10-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 9-dekabr. „But in a 200-page report entitled "Four Year after Smolensk: How the President Died," Antoni Macierewicz, an MP from Law and Justice, a party founded by Lech Kaczynski and his twin brother Jaroslaw, claimed the plane was brought down by an explosion. Mr Macierewicz and Mr Kaczynski have long maintained the president was assassinated, possibly by the Russians, and the present Polish government was involved in a cover-up. [...] A recent opinion poll for the TVN news network found that 61 per cent did not believe a bomb was involved while 25 per cent believed the opposite.“.
↑ Easton, Adam. „Poland returns to conservative roots with Law and Justice win“. BBC News. BBC (2015-yil 26-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-noyabr. „Although [Jaroslaw] Kaczynski has vowed not to seek revenge on his political opponents, there may be an attempt to conduct a final reckoning of the Smolensk tragedy. Mr Kaczynski has actively encouraged wild conspiracy theories that the plane was brought down by a plot, not by pilot error as both the Russian and two Polish investigations have so far found.“.
↑ Ojewska, Natalia. „Poland polarised on plane crash anniversary“. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network (2013-yil 10-aprel). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 10-dekabr. „But a growing number of Poles – about 33 percent according to a recent poll – say they "take into consideration" the possibility that the president was assassinated. Conspiracy theories suggesting an explosion brought the plane down have gained momentum in recent months, mostly among President [Lech] Kacynski's supporters, and continue to polarise the Polish electorate. [...] Kaczynski's brother Jaroslaw, now chairman of the main opposition Law and Justice party, has publicly claimed sabotage brought down [the] aircraft. [Antoni] Macierewicz told Al Jazeera the probe had uncovered evidence that two explosions brought down the aircraft.“.
↑ Tilles, Daniel „Kaczyński: Smolensk crash "was attack decided at highest level of Kremlin"“. Notes from Poland (2022-yil 4-aprel). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 22-mart.
↑ „Polish commission again accuses Russia over 2010 Smolensk plane crash“. euronews.com. Euronews (2022-yil 11-aprel). — „Polish officials have reiterated claims that Russia was behind a 2010 plane crash that killed the country's president. A special government commission has once again alleged that the accident was a result of an assassination plan by Moscow.“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 11-aprel.
↑ „Polish panel: Russia behind Polish leader's plane crash“. apnews.com. AP News (2022-yil 11-aprel). — „A Polish government special commission has reinforced its earlier allegations that the 2010 plane crash that killed President Lech Kaczynski and 95 others in Russia was the result of Moscow’s assassination plan.“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 11-aprel.
↑ „Treść Raportu“ (pl). Interior Ministry of Poland (2011-yil 12-yanvar). 2011-yil 22-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-yanvar.

[Ranter_2010-1] Ranter, Harro „ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154M 101 Smolensk Air Base“. Aviation Safety Network (2010-yil 10-aprel). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 6-iyun.

[final_polish_report-2] „Final Report from the examination of the aviation accident no 192/2010/11 involving the Tu-154M airplane, tail number 101, which occurred on April 10th, 2010 in the area of the SMOLENSK NORTH airfield“. Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents (2011-yil 29-iyul). 2012-yil 6-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 3-avgust.

[airtrafficwarrant-3] Tilles, Daniel „Polish court orders arrest of Russian air traffic controller over Smolensk crash“. Notes from Poland (2022-yil 20-may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-may.

[Telegraph-Day-4] Day, Matthew. „Smolensk air disaster 'was caused by mystery explosion'“. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group (2014-yil 10-aprel). 2014-yil 10-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 9-dekabr. „But in a 200-page report entitled "Four Year after Smolensk: How the President Died," Antoni Macierewicz, an MP from Law and Justice, a party founded by Lech Kaczynski and his twin brother Jaroslaw, claimed the plane was brought down by an explosion. Mr Macierewicz and Mr Kaczynski have long maintained the president was assassinated, possibly by the Russians, and the present Polish government was involved in a cover-up. [...] A recent opinion poll for the TVN news network found that 61 per cent did not believe a bomb was involved while 25 per cent believed the opposite.“.

[BBC-34640535-5] Easton, Adam. „Poland returns to conservative roots with Law and Justice win“. BBC News. BBC (2015-yil 26-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-noyabr. „Although [Jaroslaw] Kaczynski has vowed not to seek revenge on his political opponents, there may be an attempt to conduct a final reckoning of the Smolensk tragedy. Mr Kaczynski has actively encouraged wild conspiracy theories that the plane was brought down by a plot, not by pilot error as both the Russian and two Polish investigations have so far found.“.

[Al-Jaz-6] Ojewska, Natalia. „Poland polarised on plane crash anniversary“. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network (2013-yil 10-aprel). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 10-dekabr. „But a growing number of Poles – about 33 percent according to a recent poll – say they "take into consideration" the possibility that the president was assassinated. Conspiracy theories suggesting an explosion brought the plane down have gained momentum in recent months, mostly among President [Lech] Kacynski's supporters, and continue to polarise the Polish electorate. [...] Kaczynski's brother Jaroslaw, now chairman of the main opposition Law and Justice party, has publicly claimed sabotage brought down [the] aircraft. [Antoni] Macierewicz told Al Jazeera the probe had uncovered evidence that two explosions brought down the aircraft.“.

[kaczynski4apr-7] Tilles, Daniel „Kaczyński: Smolensk crash "was attack decided at highest level of Kremlin"“. Notes from Poland (2022-yil 4-aprel). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 22-mart.

[euronews2022report-8] „Polish commission again accuses Russia over 2010 Smolensk plane crash“. euronews.com. Euronews (2022-yil 11-aprel). — „Polish officials have reiterated claims that Russia was behind a 2010 plane crash that killed the country's president. A special government commission has once again alleged that the accident was a result of an assassination plan by Moscow.“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 11-aprel.

[apnews2022report-9] „Polish panel: Russia behind Polish leader's plane crash“. apnews.com. AP News (2022-yil 11-aprel). — „A Polish government special commission has reinforced its earlier allegations that the 2010 plane crash that killed President Lech Kaczynski and 95 others in Russia was the result of Moscow’s assassination plan.“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 11-aprel.

[Final_Report-10] „Treść Raportu“ (pl). Interior Ministry of Poland (2011-yil 12-yanvar). 2011-yil 22-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 15-yanvar.

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