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Arman tili

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Arman tili
Milliy nomi հայերեն
Mamlakatlar Armaniston, Rossiya, AQSh, Fransiya, Gruziya, Eron, Suriya, Argentina, Ozarbayjon, Turkiya, Livan, Ukraina, Iordan, Qozogʻiston, Oʻzbekiston, Kanada, Yunoniston, Turkmaniston, Isroil, Falastin, Iroq, Mojariston, Bolgariya, Abxaziya, Chexiya, Misr, Kipr, Estoniya, Gonduras, Ruminiya, Qirgʻiziston, Tojikiston, Hindiston[1]
Rasmiylik holati Armaniston
Soʻzlashuvchilarning umumiy soni 6,4 mln
Turkumlanishi
Til oilasi Hind-yevropa tillari
Alifbosi Arman yozuvi
Til kodlari
ISO 639-1 hy
ISO 639-2 arm (B); hye (T)
ISO 639-3 ye

Arman tili (endonim: հայերեն, hayeren, [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] deb talaffuz qilinadi) — Hind-yevropa tillar oilasiga mansub bo‘lib, Arman tillari mustaqil tarmog‘idagi yagona a’zodir. Bu til Arman xalqining ona tili va Armanistonning rasmiy tili hisoblanadi. [1] Tarixan Arman tog‘liklarida gaplashilgan arman tili bugungi kunda Armaniston diasporasi orasida ham keng qo‘llaniladi. [2] Arman tili o‘z yozuv tizimi — arman alifbosida yoziladi, u 405-yilda avliyo Mesrop Mashtots tomonidan yaratilgan.[3] Dunyo bo‘ylab arman tilida so‘zlashuvchilarning taxminiy soni 5-7 million orasida.[4]

Tarixi

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Asosiy maqola: Proto-arman tili

Arman tili hind-yevropa tillarining mustaqil tarmog‘idir.[5] Bu til o‘z oilasidagi o‘ziga xos fonologik o‘zgarishlari bilan tilshunoslar uchun qiziq hisoblanadi. Arman tili satemizatsiya jarayonlarini sentumizatsiyaga qaraganda ko‘proq namoyon qiladi, biroq u bu ikki guruhning hech biriga kiritilmaydi.[6] Ba’zi tilshunoslar Arman, Yunon (va Frigiya), Alban va Hind-Eron tillari bir-biriga dialekt jihatidan yaqin bo‘lgan degan xulosaga kelishgan;[7][8][9] Ushbu taxminiy dialekt guruhida proto-arman tili proto-yunon (sentum guruhi) va proto-hind-eron (satem guruhi) tillari o‘rtasida joylashgan edi.[10] Ronald I. Kim arman tilini boltiq-slavyan tillari bilan bog‘lovchi o‘ziga xos morfologik rivojlanishlarni qayd etgan.[11]

Arman tilining uzoq adabiy tarixi bor bo‘lib, uning eng qadimgi saqlanib qolgan matni 5-asrga oid Injil tarjimasidir.[12] Arman tiliga dastlab tarjima qilingan yana bir matn — Arman Aleksandr romani bo‘lib, u ham 5-asrga tegishlidir.[13] Arman tilining lug‘ati tarixan G‘arbiy O‘rta Eron tillaridan, xususan, Parfiya tilidan ta’sirlangan.[14] Arman tilining so‘z yasalishi morfologiyasi va sintaksisi ham Parfiya tili bilan bo‘lgan til aloqalari ta’sirida shakllangan, ammo bu ta’sir lug‘at boyligiga qaraganda kamroq darajada bo‘lgan.[15] Yunon, Fors va Suriya tillari bilan bo‘lgan aloqalar natijasida arman tiliga bir qator so‘zlar kirgan.[16] Arman tilining ikki standart zamonaviy adabiy shakli mavjud: Sharqiy arman tili (asosan Armanistonda so‘zlashiladi) va G‘arbiy arman tili (dastlab zamonaviy Turkiya hududida, Arman genotsididan keyin esa asosan diasporada so‘zlashiladi).[17] Sharqiy va G‘arbiy arman tillari o‘rtasida sezilarli farqlar mavjud bo‘lsa-da, ular yetarli darajada ta’sirlanishdan so‘ng o‘zaro tushunarli bo‘ladi.[18][19][20][21] Ba’zi shevalar, masalan, Homshetsi, boshqa arman tilining turlari bilan o‘zaro tushunarlilikka ega emas.[22]

Armanlar tarixda ancha oldinroq ma’lum bo’lgan (masalan, miloddan avvalgi VI asrga oid Behistun yozuvida va Ksenofontning miloddan avvalgi IV asrga oid “Anabasis” asarida tilga olingan), ammo arman tilidagi eng qadimgi saqlanib qolgan yozuvlar toshga o‘yilgan bo‘lib, ular Mehenagir deb ataladi.[23][24][25][26] Arman alifbosi 405-yilda Mesrop Mashtots tomonidan yaratilgan bo‘lib, u dastlab 36 ta harfdan iborat edi.[27] U, shuningdek, ba’zi manbalarda Gruzin alifbosi va Kavkaz Alban alifbosini yaratgani bilan ham e’tirof etiladi.[28]

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ „20-modda“, Armaniston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi, 2015-yilgi (Arman). 
  2. ↑ Stone, Michael E. (2003). „Armenia: A Historical Atlas. By Robert H. Hewsen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xviii, 341 pp. Bibliography. Chronology. Index. Illustrations. Maps. $150.00, hard bound“. Slavic Review. 62-jild, № 1. 174–175-bet. doi:10.2307/3090500. ISSN 0037-6779.
  3. ↑ DEMIRCHYAN, ARMENUHI (2024-01-12). „SHELVING INVENTORY OF MESROP MASHTOTS SIGN OF NATIONAL DEFENSE“. JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES. 4-jild, № 63. 13–30-bet. doi:10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v4i63.69. ISSN 1829-0531.
  4. ↑ „Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology“, Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 4142–4142-bet, 2022, ISBN 978-3-319-55064-0, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  5. ↑ „The Indo-European language family“, Indo-European Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, 1–26-bet, 2007-10-18, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  6. ↑ Picard, Marc (1996-06). „Robert S.P. Beekes. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1995. Pp. xxii + 376. US$75.00 (hardcover), $24.95 (softcover)“. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique. 41-jild, № 2. 184–187-bet. doi:10.1017/s0008413100016339. ISSN 0008-4131. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
  7. ↑ Picard, Marc (1996-06). „Robert S.P. Beekes. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1995. Pp. xxii + 376. US$75.00 (hardcover), $24.95 (softcover)“. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique. 41-jild, № 2. 184–187-bet. doi:10.1017/s0008413100016339. ISSN 0008-4131. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
  8. ↑ Greppin, John A. C.; Clackson, James (1996-12). „The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek“. Language. 72-jild, № 4. 804-bet. doi:10.2307/416105. ISSN 0097-8507. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
  9. ↑ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010-12-31), „The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian“, Journal of Language Relationship, Gorgias Press, 85–138-bet, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  10. ↑ „DIALECTAL DIFFERENCES“, The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  11. ↑ Kim, Ronald I. (2018-06-11), „115. The phonology of Balto-Slavic“, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, De Gruyter, 1974–1985-bet, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  12. ↑ Thomson, Robert W. (2014-01-01), „The Major Works of Armenian Historiography (Classical and Medieval)“, Armenian Philology in the Modern Era, BRILL, 303–320-bet, ISBN 978-90-04-27096-1, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  13. ↑ Gurtner, Daniel M. (2018-12). „Armenian Apocrypha Relating To Angels And Biblical Heroes. By Michael E.Stone. Early Judaism and Its Literature, 45. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016. Pp. xiii + 307. $55.95“. Religious Studies Review. 44-jild, № 4. 479–480-bet. doi:10.1111/rsr.13731. ISSN 0319-485X. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
  14. ↑ Windfuhr, Gernot, muh. (2013-05-13). „The Iranian Languages“. doi:10.4324/9780203641736. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)
  15. ↑ Meyer, Robin (2023-12-07), „Other cases of Iranian–Armenian pattern replication“, Iranian Syntax in Classical Armenian, Oxford University PressOxford, 170–213-bet, ISBN 0-19-885109-X, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  16. ↑ Greppin, John A. C.; Clackson, James (1996-12). „The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek“. Language. 72-jild, № 4. 804-bet. doi:10.2307/416105. ISSN 0097-8507. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
  17. ↑ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2004-01-08), „American diplomatic correspondence in the age of mass murder: the Armenian Genocide in the US archives“, America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915, Cambridge University Press, 146–184-bet, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  18. ↑ Felekyan, Manuk; Tioyan, Susanna (2023-03-27). „Features of lexicography of Western Armenian neologisms“. JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES. 1-jild, № 60. 14–24-bet. doi:10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v1i60.29. ISSN 1829-0531.
  19. ↑ „Western Armenian“, Wikipedia (inglizcha), 2024-11-18, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  20. ↑ „Eastern Armenian“, Wikipedia (inglizcha), 2024-11-08, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  21. ↑ Sargsyan, Hasmik (2022-10-28). „The Forms of the Indefinite Article in Eastern Armenian Pre-Modern, Early and Colloquial Eastern Armenian Sources“. Armeniaca. № 1. doi:10.30687/arm/9372-8175/2022/01/009. ISSN 2974-6051. {{cite magazine}}: line feed character in |title= at position 56 (yordam)
  22. ↑ Stone, Michael E. (2003). „Armenia: A Historical Atlas. By Robert H. Hewsen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xviii, 341 pp. Bibliography. Chronology. Index. Illustrations. Maps. $150.00, hard bound“. Slavic Review. 62-jild, № 1. 174–175-bet. doi:10.2307/3090500. ISSN 0037-6779.
  23. ↑ Brennan, Shane (2022-05-31), „Xenophon Didaskalos: Leaders and Leadership in Anabasis“, Xenophon's Anabasis, Edinburgh University Press, 82–135-bet, ISBN 978-1-4744-8988-1, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  24. ↑ Atajanov, Muhiddin (2024-07-30). „CERTAIN CONSIDERATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE SOCIYETY OF THE LOWER AMUDARYA REGION (XTH CENTURY BC – FIRST HALF OF THE VITH CENTURY BC)“. TAMADDUN NURI JURNALI. 7-jild, № 58. 251–254-bet. doi:10.69691/nhxs4f12. ISSN 2181-8258. {{cite magazine}}: Check |doi= value (yordam)
  25. ↑ Nazarov, P; Isroilov, J (2022-06-03). „O'zaro qarindosh bo'lmagan tillar kesimida leksik qiyoslashlar (o'zbek va got tillari misolida)“. Zamonaviy lingvistik tadqiqotlar: xorijiy tajribalar, istiqbolli izlanishlar va tillarni o‘qitishning innovatsion usullari. № 1. 90–91-bet. doi:10.47689/linguistic-research-vol-iss1-pp90-91. ISSN 2249-5959.
  26. ↑ Movsisyan, Artak (2019-04-30), „From Petroglyphs to Alphabet.“, Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 359–370-bet, qaraldi: 2024-12-14
  27. ↑ DEMIRCHYAN, ARMENUHI (2024-01-12). „SHELVING INVENTORY OF MESROP MASHTOTS SIGN OF NATIONAL DEFENSE“. JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES. 4-jild, № 63. 13–30-bet. doi:10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v4i63.69. ISSN 1829-0531.
  28. ↑ Chkhartishvili, Mariam (2021-01-01). „NARRATIVE SOURCES ON THE CREATION OF GEORGIAN ALPHABET“. PRO GEORGIA. JOURNAL OF KARTVELOLOGICAL STUDIES. 31-jild, № 31. 101–113-bet. doi:10.32690/1230-1604/chkhartishvili. ISSN 1230-1604. 
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