Isroilda olmos sanoati

Isroil olmos sanoati ulgurji savdo uchun sayqallangan olmos ishlab chiqarishda jahon iqtisodiyotida muhim rol oʻynaydi. 2010-yilda Isroil olmos ishlab chiqarish boʻyicha Kimberley jarayonini sertifikatlash sxemasining raisi deb topildi^[1]. 2016-yil holatiga koʻra, qayta ishlangan olmoslar Isroil umumiy eksportining 23,2 foizini tashkil etgan hamda ular mamlakatning eng yirik eksport mahsuloti hisoblanib, jahon ishlab chiqarishining 12 foizini tashkil etadi^[2].

Tarixi

Isroil davlatidan oldingi olmos ishlab chiqarish sanoati

Isroil olmos sanoati 1937-yilda, Isroil davlati tashkil topishidan oʻn bir yil oldin tashkil topgan. Dastlabki faoliyati Petah Tikva shahrida Belgiyadan koʻchib kelgan Asher Anshel Daskal va Zvi Rosenberg, Ruminiyadan ikki mutaxassis boshchiligida olmos sayqallash zavodi ochilishi bilan boshlangan. 1938-yilda mamlakatga olib kiriladigan qoʻpol toshlar uchun 15% import boji olib tashlangan. 1944-yilga kelib sanoatda 33 ta zavodda 3300 ta ishchi ish boshlagan, ularda 1320000 funt sterling kapital mablagʻ qoʻyilgan, ular asosan yahudiylar boʻlgan. Eksport qiymati koʻproq AQSh, Kanada va Hindistonga 3,200,000 funt sterlingdan oshib ketgan. Bu natija oʻsha yili Falastindan majburiy eksport qilingan barcha tovarlarning eng katta qiymatini tashkil qilgan^[3].

1944-yildan 1948-yilgacha ushbu sanoat qonunbuzarliklarning koʻpayishi oqibatida inqirozga yuz tutgan va 1948-yil fevralida butunlay yopilgan^[4].

Isroil davlatining birinchi yillarida olmos sanoati

Isroil davlati rasman eʼlon qilingandan keyin, isteʼmol iqtisodiyoti urush iqtisodiyotiga oʻzgardi. Bu olmos sanoati inqirozini eng yuqori choʻqqiga olib keldi. Chunki davlat urushdan vayron boʻlgan boshqa koʻplab iqtisodlarni qayta tiklash uchun kurashayotgan edi. Isroil tashkil topishining dastlabki oʻn besh yilida olmos va Jaffa apelsinlari yangi davlatning asosiy eksport mahsuloti boʻlib qoldi^[5]. 1948-yilgi inqirozdan soʻng eng past darajaga yetgan olmos sanoati urushdan keyin oʻsishda davom etdi va olmos sanoatida jahon yetakchiligini ishlab chiqishni boshladi.

Hozirgi holati

XXI asr boshlaridan hozirgacha Isroil Belgiya va Hindiston qatorida sayqallangan olmos ishlab chiqarish boʻyicha dunyodagi uchta eng yirik markazdan biri hisoblanadi. Isroilning toza sayqallangan olmos eksporti 2012-yilda 22,8 foizga kamaydi, chunki sanoat mablagʻi 2011-yilda 7,2 milliard dollardan 5,56 milliard dollargacha pasaygan edi. Dagʻal olmosning sof eksporti 20,1 foizga kamayib, 2,8 milliard dollarni, sayqallangan olmosning asl eksporti esa 24,9 foizga kamayib, 4,3 milliard dollarni, sof qoʻpol olmos importi esa 12,9 foizgacha tushib, 3,8 milliard dollarni tashkil qilgan. Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari sayqallangan olmoslar bozori umumiy eksport bozorining 36 foizini egallagan boʻlib eng yirik bozor hisoblangan. 28 foiz bilan Hong Kong ikkinchi, Belgiya esa 8 foiz bilan uchinchi oʻrin tashkil etgan^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9].

2007-yilda olmoslar Isroilning umumiy eksportining deyarli 24 foizini tashkil qilganda^[10], mamlakatda jahon olmoslarining 12 foizi (ularning qiymati boʻyicha) sayqallangan^[11]. 2010-yilda bu koʻrsatkich 9 foizga kamayadi^[12]. 2016-yilgi hisoblashlar boʻyicha olmoslar Isroilning umumiy eksportining 28% ni tashkil etgan va hali ham jahon ishlab chiqarishining 12% ni tashkil etadi^[13].

Savdo infratuzilmasi

Isroil olmos sanoati Tel-Aviv tumani Ramat Gan shahrida joylashgan „Olmos shaharchasi“ da tashkil qilingan. Korxona toʻrtta binodan iborat boʻlib, ularni oʻzaro yoʻlak bogʻlab turadi. Barcha savdo jarayonlari ushbu majmuada amalga oshiriladi. Shaharchada dunyodagi eng katta olmos savdo maydonchasi boʻlgan olmos minorasi mavjud.

Isroil hukumati tomonidan Isroil olmos sanoati bilan hamkorlik qiladigan tashkilot va muassasalarga vakillik qilish maqsadida Isroil olmos instituti notijorat sanoat tashkiloti moliyalashtirilgan.

Sanoat tamoyillari

Isroil olmos sanoati oʻz olmoslarining 100% tabiiy ravishda ishlab chiqarilishini kafolatlaydi. Kimberli jarayoni sertifikatlash sxemasida ishtirok etib qonli olmoslarning savdoga aralashmasligini taʼminlaydi. Lekin, baʼzi inson huquqlari himoyachilari Kimberli jarayoni konfliktli olmoslarini juda tor miqyosda taʼriflaydi va ular faqat kesilmagan toshlar bilan bogʻliqligini, bu orqali Isroilning olmos kesish sanoatiga eʼtibor bermasligini aytadi^[14]. „Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions" kompaniyasi Isroilda qayta ishlangan olmoslarni ziddiyatli olmoslar deb hisoblaydi^[15]^[16]^[17].

Manbalar

↑ Miskin. „Zimbabwe Diamond Activist Jailed before Israel Appearance“. Arutz Sheva (2010-yil 18-iyun). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-aprel.
↑ „OEC - the Observatory of Economic Complexity | OEC“.
↑ 'A survey of Palestineʼ. Vol 1. Originally published 1946-47. ISBN 0-88728-211-3. Page 445.
↑ The Scotsman, March 8th 1948: 'Clare Hollingworth, Jerusalem, by Air Mail : One of the biggest casualties of the Palestine civil war occurred last month in a veil of obscurity. The entire Jewish-owned diamond polishing industry of Palestine, which had grown during the war to be the second largest in the world after that of Holland, was closed down. It is considered unlikely that the industry, which in 1946 exported £5,501,000 worth of cut diamonds, mostly to the United States, will reopen again on anything like its former scale. Four official reasons are given for ‘suspending work’. The first is that 2500 workers in 34 diamond-cutting plants walked out as a result of ‘hold-ups by dissident underground organisations.’ Secondly, Mr O. Ben-Ami, president of the Diamond Manufacturing Association, states that £200,000 of diamonds have been stolen since 1944. The third reason is that insurance companies, after raising diamond insurance rates for Palestine to 12 per cent. recently declined cover altogether. Fourthly, the Palestine Post Office no longer accepts registered mail. The fate of the diamond industry illustrates the twin dangers which threaten the whole of the new industrial system which the Zionists have built up rapidly in Palestine in recent years, and on which many Zionist economists based their hopes for the livelihood of a future Jewish state. The dangers are the dislocation caused by the guerrilla struggle waged by Jewish extremists, which has now developed into an economically paralysing civil war, and the post-war revival of international trade at competitive prices, which has revealed the shaky basis of wartime expansion of Zionist industry.'
↑ Meirav Arlosoroff, When Ben-Gurion Saved Israel’s Economy at Any Price, Haaretz, 23 March 2018
↑ Jewellery Business – Israel’s 2012 polished diamond exports decline
↑ „Diamond Exports“. Ynetnews (2013-yil 15-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 16-yanvar.
↑ „Israel 2012 diamond exports fall, may rebound if no more crises | Reuters“. 2016-yil 18-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.
↑ – Israel’s Polished Diamond Exports −22% in 2012
↑ Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East – ISBN 9781411329652 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „Israel’s total exports amounted to $45.9 billion in 2007, of which diamonds accounted for 23.9%“
↑ Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East // USGS – ISBN 9781411329652 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „In 2007 .. Israel accounted for 12% of the value of the world’s polished diamond production“
↑ Minerals Yearbook: Area Reports International Review 2010 Africa and the Middle East // USGS – ISBN 9781411331747 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „In 2010, Israel accounted for 9% of the value of the wolr’s polished diamond production“
↑ „OEC - the Observatory of Economic Complexity | OEC“.
↑ HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGNERS SAY KIMBERLEY PROCESS MUST SUSPEND ISRAEL AND BAN ISRAELI DIAMONDS EXPORTS
↑ „Israel’s blood diamonds (BDS, March 31, 2010)“. 2019-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.
↑ SOUTH AFRICA: Avocados, Diamonds at Core of Anti-Israel Trade Campaign (IPS, Jan 26 2007)
↑ „South African Officials Must Reject Israeli Blood Diamonds and Secure Jobs in Diamond Beneficiation (IPSC, June 3, 2013)“. 2019-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.

[1] Miskin. „Zimbabwe Diamond Activist Jailed before Israel Appearance“. Arutz Sheva (2010-yil 18-iyun). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-aprel.

[OEC2-2] „OEC - the Observatory of Economic Complexity | OEC“.

[3] 'A survey of Palestineʼ. Vol 1. Originally published 1946-47. ISBN 0-88728-211-3. Page 445.

[4] The Scotsman, March 8th 1948: 'Clare Hollingworth, Jerusalem, by Air Mail : One of the biggest casualties of the Palestine civil war occurred last month in a veil of obscurity. The entire Jewish-owned diamond polishing industry of Palestine, which had grown during the war to be the second largest in the world after that of Holland, was closed down. It is considered unlikely that the industry, which in 1946 exported £5,501,000 worth of cut diamonds, mostly to the United States, will reopen again on anything like its former scale. Four official reasons are given for ‘suspending work’. The first is that 2500 workers in 34 diamond-cutting plants walked out as a result of ‘hold-ups by dissident underground organisations.’ Secondly, Mr O. Ben-Ami, president of the Diamond Manufacturing Association, states that £200,000 of diamonds have been stolen since 1944. The third reason is that insurance companies, after raising diamond insurance rates for Palestine to 12 per cent. recently declined cover altogether. Fourthly, the Palestine Post Office no longer accepts registered mail. The fate of the diamond industry illustrates the twin dangers which threaten the whole of the new industrial system which the Zionists have built up rapidly in Palestine in recent years, and on which many Zionist economists based their hopes for the livelihood of a future Jewish state. The dangers are the dislocation caused by the guerrilla struggle waged by Jewish extremists, which has now developed into an economically paralysing civil war, and the post-war revival of international trade at competitive prices, which has revealed the shaky basis of wartime expansion of Zionist industry.'

[5] Meirav Arlosoroff, When Ben-Gurion Saved Israel’s Economy at Any Price, Haaretz, 23 March 2018

[6] Jewellery Business – Israel’s 2012 polished diamond exports decline

[7] „Diamond Exports“. Ynetnews (2013-yil 15-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 16-yanvar.

[8] „Israel 2012 diamond exports fall, may rebound if no more crises | Reuters“. 2016-yil 18-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.

[9] – Israel’s Polished Diamond Exports −22% in 2012

[10] Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East – ISBN 9781411329652 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „Israel’s total exports amounted to $45.9 billion in 2007, of which diamonds accounted for 23.9%“

[11] Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East // USGS – ISBN 9781411329652 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „In 2007 .. Israel accounted for 12% of the value of the world’s polished diamond production“

[12] Minerals Yearbook: Area Reports International Review 2010 Africa and the Middle East // USGS – ISBN 9781411331747 page 48.1 The mineral Industry of Israel: „In 2010, Israel accounted for 9% of the value of the wolr’s polished diamond production“

[OEC-13] „OEC - the Observatory of Economic Complexity | OEC“.

[14] HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGNERS SAY KIMBERLEY PROCESS MUST SUSPEND ISRAEL AND BAN ISRAELI DIAMONDS EXPORTS

[15] „Israel’s blood diamonds (BDS, March 31, 2010)“. 2019-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.

[16] SOUTH AFRICA: Avocados, Diamonds at Core of Anti-Israel Trade Campaign (IPS, Jan 26 2007)

[17] „South African Officials Must Reject Israeli Blood Diamonds and Secure Jobs in Diamond Beneficiation (IPSC, June 3, 2013)“. 2019-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-sentyabr.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]