Oq qalpoqli albatros
| Oq qalpoqli albatros | |
|---|---|
 | |
Ilmiy tasniflash | |
| Olam: | Eukariotlar |
| Tip: | Xordalilar |
| Sinf: | Qushlar |
| Oila: | Albatrossimonlar |
| Urugʻ: | Mollymawk |
| Turlari: | Oq qalpoqli albatros |
| Xalqaro ilmiy nomi | |
| Thalassarche cauta (Gould, 1841) | |
Oq qalpoqli albatros[1] yoki Uyatchan albatros (lotincha: Thalassarche cauta) — Hind okeanining janubidagi Tasmaniya (Avstraliya) qirgʻoqlari yaqinidagi uchta tanho orollarda oʻrta kattalikdagi albatroslar turi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu qushlar, masalan, Janubiy Afrika va AQSh qirgʻoqlaridan uzoq masofalarda ham kuzatilgan. Bu Avstraliya uchun yagona endemik albatros hisoblanadi. Qushlarning umr koʻrish davomiyligi taxminan 60 yil[2]. 2020-yil iyun holatiga koʻra, bu tur Avstraliyada “Yoʻqolib ketish xavfi ostida” roʻyxatiga kiritilgan. 15 000 juft albatros qolgan deb taxmin qilinadi.
Baʼzi rasmiylar bu turni Uyatchan albatros deb atashadi.
Tavsif
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Oq qalpoqli albatrosning oʻrtacha uzunligi 90–99 sm, qanotlari kengligi 220–256 sm[3] va vazni 4,1 kg ni tashkil qiladi. Xuddi shunday kattalikdagi qardosh turlari, Salvin albatros bilan bir qatorda, bu tur mollymawk yoki kichik albatroslarning eng kattasi hisoblanadi[4][5]. Bu qora, oq va shifer-kulrang qush. Voyaga yetganlarning oq peshonasi va tojlari bor, u pastki qismida toʻq qosh va och kulrang yuz bilan chegaralangan. Uning dumi va yuqori qanoti kulrang-qora, qolganlari oq rangda. Uning tumshugʻi kulrang-sariq rangda boʻlib, koʻzga koʻringan sariq uchi bor[6].
Xulq-atvor
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Oziqlanish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Oq qalpoqli albatros suv yuzasida va suvga shoʻngʻib yemish topib oziqlanadi. Uning 5 m chuqurlikka shoʻngʻiganligi qayd etilgan. Ular asosan baliqlar, boshoyoqli mollyuskalar, qisqichbaqasimonlar va oʻlaksalar bilan oziqlanadi[7].
Koʻpayish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Oq qalpoqli albatros toshli orollarda koʻpayadi va tuproq, oʻt va ildizlardan tepalik uyalarini quradi. Ular sentyabr oyining ikkinchi yarmida bitta tuxum qo‘yadi[8].
Parvoz chidamliligi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Ba'zi oq qalpoqli albatroslar 24 soatda 1000 kilometr (620 mil) masofani uchib oʻta oladilar[9].
Areal va yashash joyi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Oq qalpoqli albatros Avstraliyaning endemik selektsioneri boʻlib, u Hind okeanining janubidagi Tasmaniya yaqinidagi uchta orol koloniyalarida koʻpayadi[10]: Albatros oroli, Pedra Branka va Mewstone[11][12][13]. Bu Avstraliya uchun yagona endemik albatros hisoblanadi.
Voyaga yetmagan qushlar Janubiy Afrikagacha uchib ketishlari maʼlum[14][15], aks holda, nasldor boʻlmagan qushlarni janubiy okeanlarda uchratish mumkin, ammo ularning boshqa turlarga oʻxshashligi tufayli oʻziga xos xususiyatlarni aniqlash qiyin[16]. Baʼzan Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarining Tinch okeani sohillarida joylashadi.
Turlarni himoya qilish
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]IUCN bu turni xavf ostida qolganlar qatoriga kiritadi[17], tarqalish diapazoni 23 900 000 km2. 2007-yilgi hisob-kitoblarga koʻra, ularning populyatsiyasi Albatros orolida 5100 juft, Pedra Brankada 270 juft va Mewstoneda 7380 juft boʻlgan 25 500 nasldor qushdan iborat edi. Tarixiy jihatdan, ular patlari uchun ovlangan va 1909-yilga kelib Albatros orolida atigi 300 juft qolgan[18].
Bugungi kunda baliq ovlash hali ham bu turga ta'sir qiladi, ammo bu tahdidga qaramay, ularning soni saqlanib qolindi. Ular, shuningdek, Albatros orolida parranda chechak kasalligiga chalingan, bu ularning soniga ozgina taʼsir qilgan[19].
2020-yil iyun oyida Avstraliya hukumati 1999-yildagi „Atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va biologik xilma-xillikni saqlash to‘g‘risida“gi qonunga muvofiq qushning maqomini „zaif“dan „yo‘qolib ketish xavfi ostidagi“ga o‘zgartirdi.
Qushni faqat Albatros orolida kuzatish mumkin, chunki qolgan ikkita orolga kirish imkoni yoʻq, ammo 15 000 juft oq qalpoqli albatros qolgan deb taxmin qilinadi.
Avstraliyada bu qushlar maʼlumotlar bazalarida va baʼzi qonun hujjatlarida Diomedea cauta, Diomedea cauta cauta yoki Thalassarche cauta cauta[20] kabi koʻrinishlarda keladi.
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Русский язык, РУССО, 1994. — С. 15. — 2030 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
- ↑ Burgess, y Georgie (27 June 2020). "'Endangered' status for shy albatross, recognising threats from climate change and fishing". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ↑ Dunn, Jon L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
- ↑ "Save the albatross: Shy albatross". The RSPB
- ↑ Brooke, Michael, Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1
- ↑ BirdLife International (2008a)
- ↑ Hedd, A. & Gales, R. (2001)
- ↑ Brooke, M (2004)
- ↑ Burgess, y Georgie (27 June 2020). "'Endangered' status for shy albatross, recognising threats from climate change and fishing". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 June 2020
- ↑ Alderman, Rachael Louise (May 2012). The Shy Albatross (Thalassarche Cauta): Population Trends, Environmental and Anthropogenic Drivers, and the Future for Management and Conservation (PDF) (PhD). University of Tasmania. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ↑ Brothers, Nigel (2001). Tasmania's Offshore Islands: seabirds and other natural features. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. ISBN 0-7246-4816-X.
- ↑ Hedd, A., et al. (2001a)
- ↑ Garnett, S. T. & Crowley, G. M. (2000)
- ↑ BirdLife International (2004)
- ↑ Baker, G. B., et al. (2007)
- ↑ Double, M. C. , et al. (2003)
- ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Thalassarche cauta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22729604A132660845. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22729604A132660845.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑ Johnstone, G. W., et al. (1975)
- ↑ Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008)
- ↑ „Thalassarche cauta - Shy Albatross“. Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT). Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government (2020-yil 28-iyun). 2022-yil 4-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 28-iyun.
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ACAP. „ACAP species assessments, Shy Albatross.“ (pdf). ACAP (2007). 2014-yil 1-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 25-iyul.
- Alsop III, Fred J.(2001). Smithsonian Birds of North America. Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7894-8001-8
- Baker, G. B.; Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Tuck, G. N.; Abbott, C. L.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S. L.; Robertson, C. J. R. et al. (2007). "A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on Shy and White-capped Albatrosses: conservation implications". Biological Conservation 137 (3): 319–333. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.02.012. https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2007-07_137_3/page/319.
- "Tracking ocean wanderers the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels". Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon's Bay, South Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International. 2004. ISBN 0-946888-55-8. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707080809/http://www.seabirdtracking.org/sites/default/files/trackingoceanwanderers_tcm9-200236.pdf.
- BirdLife International. „Bartlett's Tinamou – BirdLife Species Factsheet“. Data Zone (2008a). 2007-yil 29-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- BirdLife International. „The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources.“ (xls) (2008b). 2019-yil 18-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- Brands, Sheila „Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron –“. Project: The Taxonomicon (2008-yil 14-avgust). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- „Procellariidae“, Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- . The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World, 6th, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". in Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd nashri). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. 107–111 b. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Reid, T.; Brothers, N.; Abbott, C. L. (2003). "Morphometric comparison of Australian shy and New Zealand white-capped albatrosses". Emu 103 (4): 287–294. doi:10.1071/mu03012.
- „Albatrosses“, National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America, fifth, Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2006 — 80-bet. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.
- The Birders Handbook, First, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1988 — 29–31-bet. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
- The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia, 2000.
- Hedd, A.; Gales, R.; Brothers, N. (2001a). "Foraging strategies of Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta breeding at Albatross Island, Tasmania, Australia". Marine Ecology Progress Series 224: 267–282. doi:10.3354/meps224267. https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/224/m224p267.pdf.
- Johnstone, G. W.; Dorwood, D. F. (1975). "The White-capped Albatross of Albatross Island: numbers and breeding behaviour". Emu 75: 1–11. doi:10.1071/mu9750001. https://archive.org/details/sim_emu_1975-01_75_1/page/1.
- Remsen Jr., J. V. „Proposal #155 to South American Check-list Committee: Split Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta into two or three species“. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union (2004-yil dekabr). 2008-yil 16-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- Remsen Jr., J. V. „PROPOSAL (#166) TO SOUTH AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE: RE-LUMP THALASSARCHE EREMITA AND THALASSARCHE SALVINI WITH THALASSARCHE CAUTA“. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union (2005-yil fevral). 2008-yil 8-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- Remsen Jr., J. V. „Proposal (#255) to South American Classification Committee : Follow-up to Proposal 155: Split Thalassarche cauta into three species“. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union (2008-yil 28-fevral). 2008-yil 16-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- Remsen Jr., J. V. „A classification of the bird species of South America : South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists' Union“. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union (2008-yil 28-fevral). 2009-yil 2-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-fevral.
- „Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses“, Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons, 1998 — 13–19-bet.
- Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008), in litt.
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Wikimedia Commons'da Oq qalpoqli albatros rasmlari bor
- Shy Albatross — Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.