Xazar xoqonligi

Xazar xoqonligi — Gʻarbiy turk xoqonligi parchalanishi natijasida 7-asr oʻrtalarida Quyi Volgaboʻyi va Shimoliy Kavkazning sharkiy qismida vujudga kelgan ilk oʻrta asr davlati. Xazar xoqonligini turkiy Ashina xonadoni sulolasi boshqargan. 8-asr boshiga qadar xoqonlik poytaxti Dogʻistondagi Samandar shahri, soʻngra Quyi Volgadagi Itil sh. Boʻlgan. VII asrning 2-yarmida xazarlar Buyuk Bulgʻoriya davlati tarkibiga kiradigan Azovboʻyi bulgʻorlarining bir qismini tobe etganlar (qolgan qismi magʻlubiyatdan soʻng Oʻrta Volgaga, qolgani Dnepr ortiga, Dunay tomonga ketgan), shuningdek, Dogʻistonning dengiz boʻyidagi Gunnsavirlar podsholigini boʻysundirganlar. Kavkaz Albaniyasi Xazar xoqonligiga oʻlpon toʻlagan. Vizantiya Zakavkazyeda oʻrnashib olgan Arab xalifaligiga qarshi Xazar xoqonligi bilan ittifoq tuzgan. 8-asr boshiga kelib xazarlar Shimoliy Kavkaz, Azovboʻyi, Qrimning (Vizantiyadan tortib olingan) katta qismi, shuningdek, Sharqiy Yevropaning Dneprgacha choʻzilgan hududiga egalik qilganlar. Ayni vaqtda ular Zakavkazyeni qoʻlga kiritish uchun arablar bilan kurash olib borganlar. 795-yil Kaspiy yoʻlagi va Daryoli orqali arablar Xazar xoqonligi hududiga bostirib kirishgan va xoqon (qagʻan) qoʻshinini tormor keltirishgan. Xoqon va uning mulozimlari islom dinini qabul qilgan, biroq aholining aksariyati uni qabul qilmagani uchun ular ham dindan qaytganlar. 8-asrning 1-yarmida (taxminan 731-yil) Shimoliy Dogʻistondagi xazarlarning bir qismi iudaizm (yahudiylik)ni qabul qilgan (Shim. Dogʻistonga sosoniylar Eroni, keyinchalik Vizantiya tomonidan quvgʻin qilingan yahudiylar, jumladan, knyaz Bulan degan shaxs kelib joylashgandi). 8-asr oxiri — 9-asr boshida Bulanning avlodlaridan biri — Obadiya Xazar xoqonligi taxtiga oʻtirgan va iudaizmni davlat dini deb eʼlon qilgan. Biroq bu boshqa xazar aslzodalarining noroziligiga sabab boʻlib, mamlakatda qoʻzgʻolon boshlangan. Qoʻzgʻolonchilar Volga ortidan madʼyarlarni, Obadiya esa koʻchmanchi gʻuzlarni yordamga chaqirgan. Qoʻzgʻolon bostirilgan, madʼyarlar Dnepr ortiga chekinganlar, ular bilan birga tirik qolgan isyonchilar (kabarlar) ham ketgan. Qrimdagi gotlar va boshqa xalqlar Xazar xoqonligidagi notinch vaziyatdan foydalanib Vizantiya homiyligiga oʻtishgan. Shu yillarda Don boʻyida Sarkel qalʼasi qurilgan, u Gʻarbdan Itilga keladigan savdo yoʻlini muhofaza etishga moʻljallangan. 9-asr oxirida Shim. Qora dengiz boʻyiga bijanaklar (pecheneglar) bosib kirib Xazar xoqonligiga qaram boʻlgan madʼyarlarni Dunayboʻyiga haydab yuborishgan (895). Xazar xoqonligining asosiy raqibi Qad. Rus davlati boʻlgan. 9-asrdan rus drujinalari Kaspiy dengiziga qadar kelib, xazarlar uchun oʻta muhim boʻlgan KaspiyVolga savdo yoʻliga fob boʻlishgan. 913/914 va 943/944 yillarda rus qoʻshinlari Xazariya hududidan oʻtib Kaspiy boʻyini gorat qilganlar. 964/965-yil rus knyazi Svyatoslav Igorevich Volgaga yurish qilib, Xazar xoqonligini tormor keltirgan. Itil va Samandar vayron etilgan. Sarkel sh. bosib olingan. 10-asrning 2-yarmida xazarlar islomni qabul qilish va tobe boʻlish evaziga Xorazm yordamida vaziyatni tiklamoqchi boʻlganlar. Biroq ichki nizolar, koʻchmanchi xalqlar (bijanaklar, gʻuzlar)ning bosqinlari, 964/965 yildagi magʻlubiyat va boshqa natijasida 10-asr oxiriga kelib Xazar xoqonligi barham topgan.

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Havolalar

The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
Khazaria.com
Resources — Medieval Jewish History — The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Khazar Historic Maps, Wayback Machine saytida (26 October 2009 sanasida arxivlangan)
The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com
Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.