Foydalanuvchi:Brainbox 8/qumloq
Amerikaning Yevropa tomonidan mustamlaka qilinishi
Buyuk geografik kashfiyotlar davrida, asosan XV asr oxiridan XIX asr boshlarigacha, bir qator Yevropa mamlakatlarining ishtirokida Amerikaning keng ko‘lamli mustamlakalashtirish jarayoni amalga oshirildi. Qadimgi Skandinaviyaliklar Yevropa va Shimoliy Atlantika hududlarini o‘rgangan va mustamlaka qilgan, Grenlandiyani mustamlaka qilgan va miloddan avvalgi 1000-yillarda Nyufaundlendning shimoliy chekkasida qisqa muddatli aholi punktini yaratgan. Ammo, uning uzoq davomiyligi va ahamiyati tufayli Shimoliy Amerika va Janubiy Amerika qit’alarini o‘z ichiga olgan Yevropa kuchlarining keyingi mustamlakachiligi ko‘proq mashhurdir[2][3][4][5].
Ushbu davrda Yevropaning Ispaniya, Portugaliya, Fransiya,Rossiya, Gollandiya, Daniya, Shvetsiya imperiyalari va Buyuk Britaniya Amerika qit’asining tabiiy boyliklarini va inson kapitalini o‘rganishni boshladilar[2][3][4][5], Amerika qit’asidagi mahalliy xalqlarning ko‘chirib yuborilishi, jamiyatdan ajratilishi, qullikka solinishi va hatto ularning genotsidiga olib keldi[2][3][4][5]. Shuningdek, bir qancha mustamlakachi davlatlar tashkil topdi[2][3][4][5][6].
Rossiya XVIII asrning oʻrtalarida Tinch okeanining shimoli-gʻarbiy qismini mustamlaka qila boshladi, moʻynachilik savdosi uchun terilarni izlab. XXI asrda G‘arbiy yarimsharda ustunlik qilgan ko‘plab ijtimoiy tuzilmalar - shu jumladan dinlar, siyosiy chegaralar va lingua francae (o'sha davrdagi savdo tili) - bu davrda tashkil etilganlarning avlodlaridir[7][8].
XV asr boshlarida ba’zi Yevropa davlatlarining boylik va qudratda o‘sish sur’atlarini oldindan aytib bo‘lmas edi, chunki ular ichki urushlar bilan band bo‘lgan va qora o‘lim tufayli aholi yo‘qotishlaridan keyin asta-sekin tiklanayotgan edi[9]. Usmoniylar imperiyasining Osiyoga olib boradigan savdo yo‘llari ustidan hukmronligi G‘arbiy Yevropa monarxlarini muqobil yo‘llarni izlashga undadi, natijada Xristofor Kolumbning sayohatlari va uning tasodifan Yangi Dunyoga yetib kelishiga sabab bo‘ldi.
1494-yilda Tordesillas shartnomasining imzolanishi bilan Portugaliya va Ispaniya yerni ikkiga bo‘lishga kelishib oldilar, Portugaliya dunyoning sharqiy yarmidagi xristian bo‘lmagan yerlar ustidan, Ispaniya esa g‘arbiy yarmidagi hukmronlik qildi. Ispan da’volari mohiyatan butun Amerikani o‘z ichiga olgan; Biroq, Tordesillas shartnomasi Janubiy Amerikaning sharqiy uchini Portugaliyaga berdi, u yerda u 1500-yillarning boshlarida Braziliya hududini tashkil etdi, va Ost-indiyani Ispaniyaga berdi, u yerda esa Filippinni tashkil etdi. 1496-yilda Kolumb tomonidan asos solingan hozirgi Dominikan Respublikasidagi Santo-Domingo shahri Amerikadagi doimiy yashovchi yevropaliklar tomonidan tashkil etilgan eng qadimgi aholi punkti hisoblanadi[10].
1530-yillarga kelib, G‘arbiy Yevropaning boshqa davlatlari ham Amerikaga sayohatlardan foyda olishlari mumkinligini angladilar, bu esa Amerikaning shimoli-sharqiy qismida, shu jumladan hozirgi Qo‘shma Shtatlarda Britaniya va Fransiya mustamlakalariga olib keldi. Bir asr ichida shvedlar Yangi Shvetsiyani, gollandlar Yangi Gollandiyani va Daniya-Norvegiya ittifoqi shvedlar va gollandlar bilan birgalikda Karib dengizi qismlarini mustamlaka qilishdi. 1700-yillarga kelib Daniya-Norvegiya ittifoqi Grenlandiyadagi sobiq mustamlakalarini qayta tikladi va Rossiya Tinch okeani qirg‘oqlarini Alaskadan Kaliforniyagacha o‘rganishni va da’vo qilishni boshladi.
Zo‘ravon to‘qnashuvlar bu davrning boshlarida mahalliy xalqlar o‘zlarining hududiy yaxlitligini Yevropa mustamlakachilarining ko‘payishi va Yevrosiyo texnologiyasi bilan jihozlangan dushman mahalliy qo‘shnilardan saqlab qolish uchun kurashgan. Turli Yevropa imperiyalari va mahalliy xalqlar o‘rtasidagi ziddiyat 1800-yillarda Amerikada yetakchi dinamika bo‘lgan, garchi qit’aning ba’zi qismlari o‘sha paytga kelib Yevropadan mustaqillikka erishgan bo‘lsa-da, Qo‘shma Shtatlar kabi davlatlar tubjoy amerikaliklarga va Oʻtroqchilar mustamlakachiligiga qarshi kurashni davom ettirdilar. Misol uchun, Qo‘shma Shtatlar "Manifest Destiny" va "Trail of Tears" kabi mustamlakachilik siyosatini amalga oshirdi.
Boshqa hududlarda, jumladan, Kaliforniya, Patagoniya, Shimoli-g‘arbiy hudud va Shimoliy Buyuk Tekisliklari 1800-yillargacha mustamlakachilikni deyarli boshdan kechirmagan. Yevropa bilan aloqalar va mustamlakachilik Amerika tub aholisi, shuningdek, ularning jamiyatiga halokatli oqibatlarga olib keldi[2][3][4][5].
G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Qadimgi Skandinaviyaliklar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Qadimgi skandinaviyalik viking tadqiqotchilari Shimoliy Amerikaga qadam qo‘ygan birinchi yevropaliklar edi. Ularning Grenlandiya va Kanada hududlariga qilgan sayohatlari tarixiy va arxeologik dalillar bilan tasdiqlangan[11].
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Cardin, Dinah „Benton painting Native Americans“. www.pem.org. Salem, Massachusetts: Peabody Essex Museum (2015-yil 14-avgust). 2020-yil 30-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 21-fevral.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 "Genocide and American Indian History". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2 March 2015. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-3.<!--->
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 „Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Nations“, North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019 — 44–70, 71–100-bet. ISBN 978-1-108-42550-6.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Stannard, David E. „Pestilence and Genocide“, . American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 — 57–146-bet. ISBN 0-19-508557-4.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Thornton, Russell „Overview of Decline: 1492 to 1890–1900“, . American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492, The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987 — 42–158-bet. ISBN 0-8061-2074-6.
- ↑ Resendez, Andres. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. ISBN 9780544602670.
- ↑ „Religious Intolerance toward Native American Religions“, Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2010 — 125–146-bet. DOI:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.9. ISBN 9780807833896.
- ↑ „Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Native Freedom? Indians and Religious Tolerance in Early America“, The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America, Early American Studies. Philadelphia and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011 — 168–194-bet. ISBN 9780812223149.
- ↑ Taylor, Alan. American Colonies. London and New York: Penguin Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-14-200210-0.
- ↑ „Colonial City of Santo Domingo“. 2023-yil 8-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 7-mart.
- ↑ T. Douglas Price. Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford University Press, 2015 — 321-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-023198-9.
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Bailyn, Bernard, ed. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Harvard UP, 2005)
- Bannon, John Francis. History of the Americas (2 vols. 1952), older textbook
- The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Cambridge University Press, 2023. DOI:10.1017/9781108765480. ISBN 978-1-108-76548-0.
- The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press, 2010. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
- Bolton, Herbert E. "The Epic of Greater America", American Historical Review 38, no. 3 (April 1933): 448–474 in JSTOR
- Davis, Harold E. The Americas in History (1953), older textbook
- Egerton, Douglas R. et al. The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888 (2007)
- Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (2000).
- Fernlund, Kevin Jon. A Big History of North America, from Montezuma to Monroe. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. (2022).
- Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas", William and Mary Quarterly, (2010) 67#3 pp. 395–432 in JSTOR
- Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, 4th, Taylor & Francis, 2023. DOI:10.4324/9781003185291. ISBN 978-1-000-95870-6.
- The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Cambridge University Press, 2023. DOI:10.1017/9781108655989. ISBN 978-1-108-65598-9.
- Lockhart, James, and Stuart B. Schwartz. Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil (1983).
- Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making, The Cambridge World History. Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139196079. ISBN 978-1-108-40775-5.
- Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vol. 1934)
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600. (1971).
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616. (1971).
- Parry, J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650. (1982).
- Pyne, Stephen J. The Great Ages of Discovery: How Western Civilization Learned About a Wider World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. (2021).
- Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds. The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783 (8 vol, 2010); primary sources
- Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). Template loop detected: Andoza:Doi
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by handBrainbox 8/qumloq]] - Starkey, Armstrong (1998). European-Native American Warfare, 1675–1815. University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978-0-8061-3075-0
- Vickers, Daniel, ed. A Companion to Colonial America. (2003).
- Ward, Thomas. Formation of Latin American Nations. From Late Antiquity to Early Modernity. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.